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yr 3 oral path > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is oral and maxillofacial pathology?

A

the specialty of dentistry and pathology which deals with the nature, identification and managament of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. It is a science that investigated the causes (etiology), processes and effects of these diseases.

the practice of oral pathology includes research, diagnosis of diseases using clinical, radiographic, microscopic, biomedical or other examinations, and management of patients.

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2
Q

what is diagnosis?

A

the process of determining the nature and extent of a disease or a condition in a patient

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3
Q

what are the steps for abnormalities encountered in the mouth?

A

the first steps is to RECOGNIZE the presence of an abnormal change in function, structure or appearance during a clinical oral examination. Most lesions are discovered during routine examination, but in some cases, the patients are aware of their lesions and ask your help.

Once the dentist has recognized an abnormality in a patient the next step is to COLLECT AND ANALYZE THE DIAGNOSTIC DATA.

You can DESCRIBE LESIONS in relation to the SITE OR LOCATION, MORPHOLOGY OR SHAPE, COLOR AND SIZE.

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4
Q

how would you describe the morphology or shape?

A

You may want to place the oral lesion on three broad categories:

  1. Elevated: when a lesion is higher than the surface.
  2. Depressed: when a lesion is deep to the surface.
  3. Flat: When the lesion is even with the surface
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5
Q

how would you determine size?

A

Size may be determined using a mm ruling.

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6
Q

what is a papule?

A

A solid raised lesion, which is less than 5 mm (0.5cm) in diameter.

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7
Q

what is a nodule?

A

A solid raised lesion, which is greater than 5 mm (0.5cm) in diameter.

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8
Q

what is a tumor?

A

Is similar to a nodule in that it consists of solid tissue, but it is greater than 2cm (20mm).

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9
Q

what is meant by sessile?

A

It described a tumor or growth whose base is the widest part of the lesion.

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10
Q

what is a vesicle?

A

A superficial blister, 5mm (0.5cm) or less in diameter usually filled with clear fluid.

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11
Q

what is a bulla?

A

A large blister, greater than 5mm (0.5cm) in diameter.

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12
Q

what is a pustule?

A

A blister filled with purulent exude (leukocyst, looks like a zit)

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13
Q

what is meant by papillary?

A

Describing a tumor or growth exhibiting numerous surface projections.

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14
Q

what is meant by verrucous?

A

describing a tumor or growth exhibiting a rough warty surface.

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15
Q

what is meant by pedunculated?

A

describing a tumor or growth whose base is narrower than the widest part of the lesion.

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16
Q

what is a plaque?

A

a lesion that is slightly elevated and is flat on its surface

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17
Q

what is an ulcer?

A

a lesion characterized by loss of the surface epithelium and frequently some of the underlying connective tissue.

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18
Q

what is a fissure?

A

a narrow, slit-like ulceration or groove

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19
Q

what is erosion?

A

a superficial lesion, often arising secondary to rupture of a vesicle or bulla, that is characterized by partial or total loss of the surface epithelium

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20
Q

what is a macula?

A

a flat lesion, it is a focal area of color change (hyperpigmented or hypopigmented) which is not elevated or depressed in relation with the surroundings. Generally, it is less than 0.5cm in diameter.

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21
Q

what is a patch?

A

a macule with some surface changes (scale or fine wrinkling)

22
Q

what is a pit?

A

a depressed lesion

23
Q

what is petechia?

A

a round, pinpoint area of hemorrhage

24
Q

what is ecchymosis?

A

a non-elevated area of hemorrhage, larger than a petechia

25
Q

what is a hematoma?

A

a larger ecchymosis or bruise caused by escape of blood into the tissues

26
Q

what is telangiectasia?

A

a vascular lesion caused by dilatation of small, superficial blood vessels

27
Q

what is a cyst?

A

a pathologic epithelium-lined cavity often filled with liquid or semi-solid contents

28
Q

what is crust?

A

a liquid debreee that has dried on the surface. Most frequently crust results from brekage of vesicles, pustules, or bulla.

29
Q

what is oozing?

A

wet or moist

30
Q

what about hyperkeratosis?

A

it is a microscopic term, you can’t see hyperkeratosis with the naked eye, so you would describe it clinically as a “white lesion”

31
Q

what is the normal color of the mucosa?

A

normal color of mucosa is predominantly pink but can vary from pink to dark brown depending on the amount of melanin in the epithelium.

32
Q

what does white usually mean?

A

Mostly due to alterations in the epithelium, sometimes alterations in the connective tissue. It may be a cobination of changes in the epithelial and underlying connective tissue. Hyperkeratinization like a callus in the mouth almost, increase in surface layer and spinous layer. Acanthosis, necrosis and fluid accumulation - seen within the cells of the epithelium or beneath it. Intracellular edema can cause a white look.

33
Q

What does yellow lesions mean?

A

fat, pus, aggregation of lymphoid tissue, exudation of serum, degeneration of blood pigments, lipid containing structures, extrinsic stains.

34
Q

what does translucent lesions mean?

A

usually an accumulation of a relatively clear fluid, serum, mucin, lymph.

35
Q

what do grey lesions mean?

A

localized: usually from deposition of foreign material in the connective tissues.
diffuse: these may result from heavy metal ingestion with subsequent systemic deposition of the material.

36
Q

what do white a red lesions mean?

A

frequently seen in trauma and inflammatory lesions.
red and white color is also associated with dysplastic or malignant change in epithelium.
dysplastic tissue is less likely to heal. Malignant and dysplastic are associated with smokers.

37
Q

what are blue lesions indicative of?

A

usually associated with cystic lesions containing clear fluid.
vascular lesions
tattoos
some lesions containing melanin deep in the connective tissue.

38
Q

what about purple lesions?

A

often associated with vascular lesions and deposition and interaction of pigments

39
Q

what about brown lesions?

A

melanin or hemosiderin and may occasionally also appear as a brown color clinically

40
Q

what else do you need to describe with color?

A

regardless of color is it homogenous or non-homogeneous?

if there are a lot of colors, what is the predominant color, involving the greatest surface area, should be noted first.

41
Q

what does an accurate description do?

A
  1. It allows the clinician to communicate with colleagues or consultants
  2. It reflects the type of process happening on a cellular level
  3. It helps to narrow down the differential diagnosis.
42
Q

what is the differential diagnosis?

A

may be defined as the list of possible diagnoses, with the most probable lesion ranked at the top and the least likely at the bottom.
the list of conditions in a differential diagnosis can be quite large, particularly when only the presenting signs or symptoms are taken into account. Sometimes the clinical findings alone are specific for a certain condition (pathognomonic) or at least highly suggestive of a small number of similar conditions. Using the interrogative process along with the review of all findings should eliminate many conditions from the differential diagnosis list. Perhaps only few conditions remain worthy of consideration.

Once a reasonable limited differential diagnosis is formulated, specific tests are performed. These tests can further limit the differential by excluding some conditions e.g. the rule-out process. These tests are useful to confirm the diagnosis. Significantly, the treatment and prognosis will depend on the diagnosis.

43
Q

what about black lesions?

A

the most common cause for black color in the mouth is foreign body deposition
less frequently, a black color may result from altered blood pigments, necrosis and gangrene of tissue, and dense accumulations of foreign or biologic (melanin) pigment.

44
Q

what are observations regarding depressed lesions/

A
  1. Most depressed lesions are ulcers. An ulcer is a loss in continuity of the oral epithelium. Clinically an ulcer appears as an area of erythema surrounding a central removable, yellow fibrinopurulent membrane, therefore an ulcer may not appear totally depressed to the eye.
  2. A unique exception of depressed lesions is the loss of papillae of the dorsal tongue results in an apparent “depressed” lesion, but since the mucosal surface is intact, it is in fact a flat lesion and because there is not color changes it is not a macule.
45
Q

How do you describe the form witht he borders?

A

regular or irregular. circular or oval (shape), sharp or diffuse (borders),

46
Q

How do you describe the grouping?

A

Disseminated (random), grouped, confluent/coalesced (is a bunch that sort of looks like a just one big one but really it’s a bunch together)

47
Q

What is meant by single, multiple, or coalesced?

A

a lesion may be single and is localized and more than one lesion of a particular morphology is considered multiple.
multiple lesions with any of the morphologic characteristics so far described can be multiple disseminated or generalized, grouped separate or coalescing.
small oral lesions coalesce more frequently than large ones.

48
Q

How do you describe the extension?

A

localized, regional

or

generalized, universal

49
Q

How do you describe the consistency?

A

firm, ‘bony’ hard, fluctuant like a water balloon type feeling

50
Q

what other info might be good to make a diagnosis?

A 
additional information that may be necessary includes:
medical 
social
occupational
family history
51
Q

what is rule in or rule out?

A

rule in: to include a lesion or condition that is most likely the diagnosis

rule out: to remove or exclude a lesion or condition from consideration

yr 3 oral path (5 decks)

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