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Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when a structure appears in an unexpected location?

A

Superimposition

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1
Q

When imaging the abdomen, do you want to take it on inspiration or expiration?

A

Expiration

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1
Q

When viewing a transverse plane, which way is the transducer pointed?

A

Towards the examiner

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2
Q

When using the doppler, which color means blood is flowing away from the transducer?

A

Blue

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3
Q

Intensity of radiation decreases with the square of the distance from the source. This is known as what?

A

Inverse square law

Double the distance = 1/4 the intensity

Decreasing the distance = (original/new)^2

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3
Q

Describe the Photoelectric effect

A

Atomic number dependent

Desirable

Decreases as kVp increases

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4
Q

What is it called when an organ is less echoic than other structures? Give an example

A

Hypoechoic

Liver and Kidney are hypoechoic to the spleen

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5
Q

What structures are visible in the cranial dorsal part of the abdomen?

A

Right kidney

Spleen

Stomach

Liver

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6
Q

What general kVp and mAs settings do you want to use when radiographing the thorax?

A

High kVp, low mAs

Air provides contrast

More Compton effect

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6
Q

T/F: Resolution is better with higher frequency/smaller wavelength

A

True

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6
Q

Order these organs based on increasing echogenicity:

Liver, Prostate, Spleen, Kidney (Cortex/Medulla)

A

Medulla

Cortex

Liver

Spleen

Prostate

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7
Q

Describe the Compton effect

A

Atomic number independent (less tissue distinction)

Increases as kVp increases = less contrast

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8
Q

What is it called when a structure has the same echogenicity as another structure? Give an example

A

Isoechoic

Liver and Kidney

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10
Q

What could cause a radiograph to be underexposed?

A

kVp or mAs too low

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11
Q

When viewing the sagittal plane, which way is the transducer facing?

A

Cranially

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12
Q

What is edge shadowing?

A

Small shadow at the edge of round structures

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12
Q

Which transducer is best when performing a cardiac US?

A

Sector transducer

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13
Q

T/F: Radiolucent means an object appears darker?

A

True

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13
Q

What are the borders you should use when radiographing the abdomen?

A

Cranial - diaphragm

Caudal - greater trochanter of the femur

When doing VD, use frog leg positioning

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13
Q

What organs do you view on the left side?

A

Spleen

Left kidney

Bladder

Prostate/uterus

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13
Q

What organs do you view on the right side?

A

Right kidney

Liver

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13
Q

What are your DDx for a diffusely hyperechoic liver parenchyma?

A

Diabetus mellitus

Hyperadrenocorticism

Hepatic lipidosis

Lymphosarcoma

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14
Q

Which transducer is best to use when performing an abdominal US?

A

Convex transducer

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15
Q

What is the contrast medium in the abdomen?

A

Fat

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16
Q

What is it called when a structure has a higher echogenicity than other structures? Give an example

A

Hyperechoic

Spleen is hyperechoic to the Liver and Kidney

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17
Q

What structures are visible in the caudal ventral part of the abdomen?

A

Prostate

Bladder

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17
Q

What is the difference between power and gain?

A

Power is how strong the signal is when you send it out

Gain is how strong the signal is coming back

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17
Q

What change in the gal bladder will you see with cholecystitis?

A

Thickened gal baldder wall

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18
Q

What causes acoustic shadowing?

A

High acoustic impedance mismatch

Bones have a very high impedance

Air has a very low impedance

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19
Q

What are the dose limits for the general public/vets/pregnant women?

A

1/50/5 mSv/yr

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19
Q

What causes the renal pelvis to appear hyperechoic?

A

Fat

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20
Q

What is the formula for the interface?

A

Acoustic impedance (Z) = velocity (v) x tissue density (p)

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20
Q

Echo signs are the same as Rontgen signs plus…

A

Homogeneity

Texture

Compressibility

Surrounding tissue

Vascularity

Through-transmission

Other artefacts

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20
Q

Which vein in the liver has a hyperechoic wall?

A

Portal vein

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21
Q

T/F: the pylorus is more medial in the dog compared to the cat?

A

False!

It is more medial in the cat. If you see the pylorus medial in the dog, there could be hepatomagaly

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21
Q

What is acoustic enhancement?

A

When the machine overcompensates for fluid of homogeneous acoustic impedance that attenuates less sound than the surrounding tissue

The result is a hyperechoic area distal to the structure in comparison to the surrounding tissue

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22
Q

List the layers of the GIT and if they are hyper or hypoechoic

A

Serosa - hyper

Muscularis - hypo

Submucosa - hyper

Mucosa - hypo

Lumen-mucosa interface - hyper

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of a low contrast image?

A

Lots of grays

Good for lungs

X-rays penetrate more

More compton effect

More uniform absorption

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23
Q

Unequal magnification causes what?

A

Distortion

Ex: twisted pelvis

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24
Q

List the 5 opacities from dark to light

A

Air

Fat

Water

Bone

Metal

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25
Q

What contrast medium is used with MRI and what is it useful for?

A

Gadolinium

Only used for T1

Detects bad BBB and inflammation

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26
Q

What general kVp and mAs settings do you want to use when radiographing the abdomen?

A

Low kVp, high mAs

Fat provides contrast

More Photoelectric

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27
Q

Changing the mAs has what effect?

How much do you usually change it by?

A

Changes the number of X-rays

Double/Half

27
Q

What are the assumptions that the US machine makes when generating an image?

A

The speed of sound in all body tissues is 1540 m/s

The US beam only travels in a straight line with a constant rate of attenuation

The US beam is infinitely thin with all echoes originating from its central axis

The depth of a reflector is accurately determined by the time taken for sound to travel from the transducer to the reflector and return

28
Q

What is it called when an organ is homogeneously black (no signal)?

Give an example

A

Anechoic

Bladder

30
Q

Border of two structures of same opacity in contact and border is not visible?

A

Sillhouette

31
Q

T/F: Lesions in the down lung will be more dorsal in lateral view?

A

True

31
Q

Where does dirty acoustic shadowing occur?

A

Tissue-gas interface

31
Q

What is the slice thickness artifact commonly confused with?

A

Sediment

33
Q

T/F: Optical density = Lighter?

A

False

Darker

35
Q

Why do we use 2D/3D reformatting?

A

To make sagittal or dorsal views from transverse cuts

36
Q

What does an intensifying screen do?

A

Converts xray photon to light photons which expose the film

Permits over 100x reduction in mAs

37
Q

What structures are visible in the caudal dorsal part of the abdomen?

A

Rectum

Descending colon

38
Q

What are your DDx for a diffusely hypoechoic liver parenchyma?

A

Avute hepatitis

Venous congestion

Lymphosarcoma

40
Q

What contrast medium is used with CT imaging and what is it used to diagnose?

A

Iodinated IV

Nasal disease, thoracic masses, fragmented medial coronoid process, radiation therapy planning, portal vein anomalies

41
Q

What are the Rontgen/Echo signs?

A

Size

Shape

Number

Location

Margination

Echogenicity

42
Q

Where is it easiest to identify the ileum?

A

Right cranial abdomen, medial and ventral to the right kidney

43
Q

What are the Roentgen signs?

A

Size

Shape

Number

Location

Margination

Opacity

44
Q

What will an obstruction do to the gal baldder?

A

Dilation of the gal baldder and common bile duct

46
Q

What are the different sequences of an MRI?

A

T1

T2

FLAIR

STIR

47
Q

T/F: A reflected sound wave is generated at the interface of an impedance mismatch

A

True

49
Q

Extent to which a film, image plate, or flat panel can be over and underexposed and still be acceptable

A

Exposure latitude

Conventional film - very steep, little wiggle room

Digital - less steep, much more wiggle room

50
Q

T/F: Contrast is best with CT?

A

False

Best with MRI, then CT, then rads

52
Q

Wha changes to the kVp and mAs can be made to increase the contrast of an image?

A

Double the mAs, increase kVp by 15%

53
Q

What could cause a radiograph to be overexposed?

A

kVp ot mAs too high

54
Q

Which rib do you use to assess the size of the pulmonary artery?

A

9th

56
Q

When should a grid be used?

A

When the patient is thicker than 10cm

Need 2-3x more photons when grid is used so increase the mAs

57
Q

Which side of the animal should you be on when performing an ultrasound?

A

Right

59
Q

What are the characteristics of a high contrast image?

A

Black and white, few grays

Good for abdomen

X-rays penetrate less

More photoelectric effect

60
Q

If free abdominal fluid is anechoic, is it a transudate, exudate, blood, or chyle?

A

Transudate

61
Q

Which MRI sequence cannot detect fat?

A

STIR

62
Q

Superimposition where overlapping creates summation opacity

A

Summation

63
Q

Which lobe should you look at to assess the pulmonary artery and vein?

A

Cranial lobe

View in LL as opposed to RL (superimposed)

64
Q

Which MRI sequence detects fat only?

A

T1

65
Q

When looking at a normal animal, how should the echogenicity of the spleen compare to the left kidney?

A

Spleen should be hyperechoic to the left kidney

66
Q

A corrugated intestine is secondary to what conditions?

A

Peritonitis

Pancreatitis

68
Q

T/F: Radiographic density = Darker?

A

False

Lighter

70
Q

What are the uses of contrast medium?

A

Enhanves blood vessels

Vascular leaks

GI

72
Q

What structures are visible in the dorsal middle part of the abdomen?

A

Left kidney

Descending colon

SI

Cecum

74
Q

What will cause attenuation?

A

Increased distance from the transducer

Increased acoustic impedance mismatch

Higher frequency transducers

76
Q

What is the range of light intensities a medium can capture?

A

Contrast optimization

76
Q

T/F: The renal cortex is hypoechoic to the renal medulla

A

False

Hyperechoic

77
Q

When the stomach is empty, what organ does it resemble and why?

A

The kidney because of the rugal folds

78
Q

Which imaging system(s) use Tomography and what is it?

A

CT and MRI

Images are slices from the patient

80
Q

What structures are visible in the ventral middle part of the abdomen?

A

Spleen

SI

Omentum

82
Q

What changes to the kVp and mAs can be made in order to decrease the contrast of an image?

A

Halve the mAs, decrease kVp by 15%

84
Q

T/F: Penetration is better with higher frequency/smaller wavelength

A

False

Lower frequency/long wavelength

85
Q

What is the difference between helical and multislice methods?

A

Helical: continuous and faster

Multislice: super fast, entire thorax in

87
Q

Which imaging system has the best ability to differentiate between two adjacent objects?

A

Rads, then CT, then MRI

88
Q

When are compression rads useful?

A

When viewing the bladder

89
Q

T/F: You can see the common bile duct in a normal dog

A

False

But can be traced in a normal cat

91
Q

For larger animals, do you want to use a high frequency or a low frequency?

A

Low frequency

92
Q

What structures are visible in the cranial ventral part of the abdomen?

A

Liver

Stomach

93
Q

Which MRI sequence detects everything?

A

T2

No bone or air

94
Q

When looking caudally at a transverse section, what will you see dorsally, on the left, and ventrally?

A

Dorsal - fundus of the stomach

Left - body of the stomach

Ventral - pylorus of the stomach

95
Q

What is the distance between one peak or trough and the next peak or trough?

A

Wavelength

96
Q

What is it called when a false image is produced on the other side of the reflector due to its mirror like effect?

A

Mirror image artifact

98
Q

T/F: The detail of an image is best with MRI?

A

False!

Best with rads, then CT, then MRI

99
Q

What are some issues with radiographing the thorax in lateral recumbancy?

A

Lungs always look worse in lateral view

Sedation leads to atelectasis

100
Q

T/F: The farther an object is from the cassette = larger the image appears?

What is this called?

A

True

Magnification

101
Q

Where does clean acoustic shadowing occur?

A

Tissue-bone interface

Common with foreign bodies in the intestines

102
Q

Changing the kVp has what effect?

How much do you usually change it by?

A

Changes the energy of the X-rays

16-20%

103
Q

T/F: Radiopacity means an object appears lighter?

A

True

104
Q

Describe the appearance of the spleen

A

Variable size

Hyperechoic capsule

Smooth margins

Splenic vein at hilus

Homogeneous fine granular appearance

105
Q

Which MRI sequence cannot detect free water?

A

FLAIR

106
Q

Does attenuation occur with higher or lower frequency?

A

Higher

107
Q

What is it called when the returning signal is what we expected for a certain organ?

A

Normoechoic

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