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Biol 121 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Taxonomy

A

The scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified

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1
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

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2
Q

Systematics

A

A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary history

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3
Q

Binomial naming system

A

First part: genus

Second part: specific epithet

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4
Q

Hierarchical classification

A 
Domain
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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5
Q

Taxon

A

Named taxonomic unit at any level

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6
Q

Monophyletic group (Clade)

A

Ancestral species and all of its descendants

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7
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Ancestral species and some descendants

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8
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

Includes taxa with different ancestors

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9
Q

Domain bacteria

A 
Most prokaryotes 
No nuclear envelope 
No membrane-enclosed organelles 
Circular chromosome 
Proteobacteria 
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Gram-positive bacteria 
Binary fission
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10
Q

Domain archaea

A 
Prokaryotes 
Variety of environments
No nuclear envelopes
No membrane-bound organelles
Ether lipids in cell membrane
Genes/metabolic pathways related to eukaryotes 
Many energy sources
Asexual reproduction by fission, fragmentation, budding
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11
Q

Domain eukarya

A 
Organisms w/ cells w/nuclei 
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Membrane bound organelles 
Mostly sexual reproduction
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12
Q

Kingdom monera

A

Prokaryotes

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13
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Photosynthetic prokaryotes

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14
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

use inorganic chemicals for energy source

unique to certain prokaryotes

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15
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

use light as energy source, need at least one organic compound as well for carbon source

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16
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

use organic compounds as energy source

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17
Q

obligate aerobes

A

must use O2 for cellular respiration

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18
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

poisoned by O2

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19
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

use O2 if present, otherwise use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

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20
Q

Proteobacteria

A

photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs
some aerobic, some anaerobic
Five subgroups: Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
Rhizobium, myxobacteria, Salmonella, Legionnaires’ disease, Heliobacteria

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21
Q

Chlamydias

A

Animal cells

Chlamydia,

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22
Q

Spirochetes

A

helical heterotrophs

syphilis, Lyme

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23
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

photoautotrophs

phytoplankton

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24
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

actinomytes, mycoplasmas
tuberculosis, leprosy, anthrax, botulism
Mycoplasmas

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25
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins secreted by certain bacteria/other organisms

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26
Q

endotoxins

A

gram-negative bacteria

released only when bacteria die

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27
Q

plasmogamy

A

union of cytoplasms of 2 parent mycelia

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28
Q

karyogamy

A

haploid nuclei from 2 parents fuse, form diploid cells

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29
Q

budding

A

asexual reproduction in yeasts

small “bud cells” pinch off of parent

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30
Q

Zygomycetes

A

food molds,

Decomposes or parasites

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31
Q

Glomeromycetes

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots

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32
Q

Asomycetes

A

plant pathogens, important decomposers, work w/green algae, cyanobacteria, plants, leaves

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33
Q

Basidomycetes

A

mycorrhizae, plant parasites, decomposers of plant material

34
Q

Chytrids

A

decline of amphibian populations, sheep guts

35
Q

endosymbiosis

A

when unicellular organisms engulf other cells

36
Q

heterotrophs

A

absorb organic material or ingest food particles

37
Q

Excavata

A

feeding grooves
Diplononads-
Parabasalids-
Euglenozoans-Kinetoplastids(organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast) Euglenids(one or two flagella)

38
Q

Chromalveolata

A

Dinoflagellates-have cells reinforced by cellulose plates
Apicomplexans-can penetrate host cells/tissues
Ciliates
Diatoms-glass-like wall
Golden Algae
Brown Algae

39
Q

Rhizaria

A

Radiolarians-intricate internal skeletons
Forams-porous shells
Cercozoans-threadlike pseudopodia

40
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Red algae
Green algae
Land Plants

41
Q

Unikonta

A 
Amoebozoans-Slime Molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
42
Q

Primitive traits of plants

A

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast

43
Q

Derived traits of plants

A 
Alternation of generations
Multicellular, dependent embryos
Walled spores produced in Sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical meristems
44
Q

Sporophyte

A

diploid stage

mitotic division of zygote

45
Q

Spores

A

meiosis

reproductive cells than can develop into haploid organism

46
Q

archegonia

A

female gametangia

47
Q

antheridia

A

male gametangia

48
Q

sporangium

A

produces spores

49
Q

embryophytes

A

land plants

50
Q

Bryophytes

A 
nonvasculuar plants
gametophyte dominant
Hornworts-long, tapered sporophyte, lacks seta, only sporangium, colonize open areas w/ moist soil
Liverworts-liver-shaped gametophytes, 
Mosses-very short, we see gametophytes
51
Q

Bryophyte gametophytes

A

dominant phase
protonema-enhances absorption of water and minerals
gametophore-produces gametes
rhizoids-anchor

52
Q

Bryophyte sporophytes

A

foot-absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte
seta-brings materials to sporangium
peristome-“teeth”allows spores to be discharged gradually
stomata-allow exchange of CO2/O2 betw air and interior

53
Q

sporopollenin

A

in charophytes, prevents zygotes from drying

in plants, walls that encase spores

54
Q

gemmae

A

single cell/multiple that detach and form new individual

55
Q

Lycophytes

A

some grow on trees, some live on forest floor, some below
upright stems, small leaves
Sporophytes, spike mosses, club mossis, quillworts

56
Q

Pterophytes

A

Ferns-megaphylls, homosporous

Horsetails-brushy stems, homosporous, bisexual gametophytes, joints in stem

57
Q

Whisk Ferns/Relatives

A

no roots, scalelike outgrowths from stems,

58
Q

heterosporous

A

has 2 kinds of spores: microspores(male) megaspores(female)

59
Q

sporangium

A

multicellular organ where meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop

60
Q

Phylum Cycadophyta

A

2nd largest group of gymnosperms, large cones, palmlike leaves

61
Q

Phylum Gnetophyta

A

Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

some tropical, some in deserts

62
Q

Phylum Ginkgophyta

A

One species remaining, maidenhair tree

64
Q

Phylum Coniferophyta

A

largest gymnosperm phyla

many are large trees, most are evergreens

65
Q

Pyrococcus furiosis

A

Small, contains tungsten, DNA-polymerase enzyme used in PCR reactions, high temp environments
Archaea

66
Q

Halobacterium

A

salt-tolerant, red membrane pigments, extremophiles, why GSL is red

67
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

PBE, pathogenic to humans/animals, spiral, blue/purple, rough texture, blood poisoning/intestinal inflammation

68
Q

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

A

PBD, predator, parasite, spins 100um/s, hunting phase & parasitizing growth phase,

69
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

STD, affects eyes, parasite, spherical or rod shaped

70
Q

Escherichia Coli

A

PBG, rod shaped, some have flagella, most don’t cause diseases

71
Q

Heliobacteria pylori

A

PBE, in stomach, stomach ulcers, stomach cancer,

72
Q

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

A

Spirochete, flagellum-like filaments, free-living or parasitic, live w/ muscles and oysters

73
Q

Palmaria Palmata

A

Archaeplastida, Dulse(common name), reddish brown seaweed, edible

74
Q

Volvox

A

Archaeplastida, colonial green algae, biflagellated

75
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

Chromalveolata, parasitic, malaria

76
Q

Laminaria

A

Chromalveolata, Kelp(common name), coastal shores, alternation of generations, edible

77
Q

Triceratium morlandii

A

Chromalveolata, unicellular algae, phytoplankton

78
Q

Giardia intestinalis

A

Excavata, flagellated, unicellular, diarrhea

79
Q

Trichomanas vaginalis

A

Excavata, sexually transmitted parasite

80
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Excavata, kinetoplastids(common name), mass of DNA called kinetoplast, sleeping sickness

81
Q

Globigerina

A

Rhizaria, Forams(common name), threadlike pseudopodia, dead ones build up on seafloor

82
Q

Paulinella chromatophora

A

Rhizaria, autotroph, derived from cyanobacterium, amoeba, has a chromatophore

83
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Unikonta, Ameba (common name), pathogen, infects all vertebrates, can consume HIV infected cells, intestines

84
Q

Dictyostelium Discoideum

A

Unikonta, Slime mold(common name), body stage where fruiting body is formed

Biol 121 (1 decks)

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