Quiz 1 Flashcards
Taxonomy
The scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species
Systematics
A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary history
Binomial naming system
First part: genus
Second part: specific epithet
Hierarchical classification
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Taxon
Named taxonomic unit at any level
Monophyletic group (Clade)
Ancestral species and all of its descendants
Paraphyletic group
Ancestral species and some descendants
Polyphyletic group
Includes taxa with different ancestors
Domain bacteria
Most prokaryotes No nuclear envelope No membrane-enclosed organelles Circular chromosome Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria Binary fission
Domain archaea
Prokaryotes Variety of environments No nuclear envelopes No membrane-bound organelles Ether lipids in cell membrane Genes/metabolic pathways related to eukaryotes Many energy sources Asexual reproduction by fission, fragmentation, budding
Domain eukarya
Organisms w/ cells w/nuclei Plants Fungi Animals Membrane bound organelles Mostly sexual reproduction
Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes
Photoautotrophs
Photosynthetic prokaryotes
Chemoautotrophs
use inorganic chemicals for energy source
unique to certain prokaryotes
photoheterotrophs
use light as energy source, need at least one organic compound as well for carbon source
chemoheterotrophs
use organic compounds as energy source
obligate aerobes
must use O2 for cellular respiration
obligate anaerobes
poisoned by O2
facultative anaerobes
use O2 if present, otherwise use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
Proteobacteria
photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs
some aerobic, some anaerobic
Five subgroups: Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
Rhizobium, myxobacteria, Salmonella, Legionnaires’ disease, Heliobacteria
Chlamydias
Animal cells
Chlamydia,
Spirochetes
helical heterotrophs
syphilis, Lyme
Cyanobacteria
photoautotrophs
phytoplankton
Gram-Positive Bacteria
actinomytes, mycoplasmas
tuberculosis, leprosy, anthrax, botulism
Mycoplasmas
exotoxins
proteins secreted by certain bacteria/other organisms
endotoxins
gram-negative bacteria
released only when bacteria die
plasmogamy
union of cytoplasms of 2 parent mycelia
karyogamy
haploid nuclei from 2 parents fuse, form diploid cells
budding
asexual reproduction in yeasts
small “bud cells” pinch off of parent
Zygomycetes
food molds,
Decomposes or parasites
Glomeromycetes
arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots
Asomycetes
plant pathogens, important decomposers, work w/green algae, cyanobacteria, plants, leaves
Basidomycetes
mycorrhizae, plant parasites, decomposers of plant material
Chytrids
decline of amphibian populations, sheep guts
endosymbiosis
when unicellular organisms engulf other cells
heterotrophs
absorb organic material or ingest food particles
Excavata
feeding grooves
Diplononads-
Parabasalids-
Euglenozoans-Kinetoplastids(organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast) Euglenids(one or two flagella)
Chromalveolata
Dinoflagellates-have cells reinforced by cellulose plates
Apicomplexans-can penetrate host cells/tissues
Ciliates
Diatoms-glass-like wall
Golden Algae
Brown Algae
Rhizaria
Radiolarians-intricate internal skeletons
Forams-porous shells
Cercozoans-threadlike pseudopodia
Archaeplastida
Red algae
Green algae
Land Plants
Unikonta
Amoebozoans-Slime Molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals
Primitive traits of plants
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast
Derived traits of plants
Alternation of generations Multicellular, dependent embryos Walled spores produced in Sporangia Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems
Sporophyte
diploid stage
mitotic division of zygote
Spores
meiosis
reproductive cells than can develop into haploid organism
archegonia
female gametangia
antheridia
male gametangia
sporangium
produces spores
embryophytes
land plants
Bryophytes
nonvasculuar plants gametophyte dominant Hornworts-long, tapered sporophyte, lacks seta, only sporangium, colonize open areas w/ moist soil Liverworts-liver-shaped gametophytes, Mosses-very short, we see gametophytes
Bryophyte gametophytes
dominant phase
protonema-enhances absorption of water and minerals
gametophore-produces gametes
rhizoids-anchor
Bryophyte sporophytes
foot-absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte
seta-brings materials to sporangium
peristome-“teeth”allows spores to be discharged gradually
stomata-allow exchange of CO2/O2 betw air and interior
sporopollenin
in charophytes, prevents zygotes from drying
in plants, walls that encase spores
gemmae
single cell/multiple that detach and form new individual
Lycophytes
some grow on trees, some live on forest floor, some below
upright stems, small leaves
Sporophytes, spike mosses, club mossis, quillworts
Pterophytes
Ferns-megaphylls, homosporous
Horsetails-brushy stems, homosporous, bisexual gametophytes, joints in stem
Whisk Ferns/Relatives
no roots, scalelike outgrowths from stems,
heterosporous
has 2 kinds of spores: microspores(male) megaspores(female)
sporangium
multicellular organ where meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop
Phylum Cycadophyta
2nd largest group of gymnosperms, large cones, palmlike leaves
Phylum Gnetophyta
Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia
some tropical, some in deserts
Phylum Ginkgophyta
One species remaining, maidenhair tree
Phylum Coniferophyta
largest gymnosperm phyla
many are large trees, most are evergreens
Pyrococcus furiosis
Small, contains tungsten, DNA-polymerase enzyme used in PCR reactions, high temp environments
Archaea
Halobacterium
salt-tolerant, red membrane pigments, extremophiles, why GSL is red
Campylobacter jejuni
PBE, pathogenic to humans/animals, spiral, blue/purple, rough texture, blood poisoning/intestinal inflammation
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
PBD, predator, parasite, spins 100um/s, hunting phase & parasitizing growth phase,
Chlamydia trachomatis
STD, affects eyes, parasite, spherical or rod shaped
Escherichia Coli
PBG, rod shaped, some have flagella, most don’t cause diseases
Heliobacteria pylori
PBE, in stomach, stomach ulcers, stomach cancer,
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Spirochete, flagellum-like filaments, free-living or parasitic, live w/ muscles and oysters
Palmaria Palmata
Archaeplastida, Dulse(common name), reddish brown seaweed, edible
Volvox
Archaeplastida, colonial green algae, biflagellated
Plasmodium falciparum
Chromalveolata, parasitic, malaria
Laminaria
Chromalveolata, Kelp(common name), coastal shores, alternation of generations, edible
Triceratium morlandii
Chromalveolata, unicellular algae, phytoplankton
Giardia intestinalis
Excavata, flagellated, unicellular, diarrhea
Trichomanas vaginalis
Excavata, sexually transmitted parasite
Trypanosoma
Excavata, kinetoplastids(common name), mass of DNA called kinetoplast, sleeping sickness
Globigerina
Rhizaria, Forams(common name), threadlike pseudopodia, dead ones build up on seafloor
Paulinella chromatophora
Rhizaria, autotroph, derived from cyanobacterium, amoeba, has a chromatophore
Entamoeba histolytica
Unikonta, Ameba (common name), pathogen, infects all vertebrates, can consume HIV infected cells, intestines
Dictyostelium Discoideum
Unikonta, Slime mold(common name), body stage where fruiting body is formed
