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Clinical Neuroscience I > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Division of nervous system into two =

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
+
Central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

How are PNS and CNS different?

A

Axon myelination - CNS by oligodendrocytes, PNS by Schwann cells

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3
Q

What is NGF?

A

nerve growth factor; an important neurotrophic factor produced by Schwann cells; helps in regrowth of PNS neurons; not present in CNS neurons

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4
Q

Peripheral nerves are comprised of axons of…

A

motor, sensory, and postganglionic sympathetic motor neurons

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5
Q

Cranial nerves are part of PNS except…

A

CN II (Optic nerve)

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic autonomic motor fibers?

A

III, VII, IX, X – 3, 7, 9, 10

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7
Q

CNS is made up of two parts, which are:

A

brain + spinal cord

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8
Q

Brain is further divided into…

A

1) Cerebrum (telencephalon), 2) Cerebellum, 3) Brainstem

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9
Q

The cerebrum (telencephalon) is further divided into…

A

Cortex + Diencephalon

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10
Q

The diencephalon is further divided into…

A

Thalamus + Hypothalamus

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11
Q

The brainstem is further divided into…

A

Midbrain + Pons + Medulla

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12
Q

White matter is mostly composed of…

A

Axons

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13
Q

Tracts are…

A

Bundles of axons

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14
Q

Ascending tracts do what?

A

Transmit sensory info from sensory receptors to higher levels in CNS

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15
Q

Descending tracts do what?

A

Transmit motor info from CNS

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16
Q

Descending tracts are subdivided into…

A

Column, Fasciculus, Funiculus, Lemniscus, Peduncle, Tract (named origin to destination)

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17
Q

Grey matter is composed of…

A

Cell bodies + Dendrites (e.g., cortex or specific nuclei)

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18
Q

What is the term for clusters of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nuclei

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19
Q

What is the term for clusters of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Ganglia

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20
Q

Grey matter includes what two types of neurons?

A

Projection neurons + Interneurons

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21
Q

White matter is located where?

A

On the periphery in the spinal cord + Deep in the cerebrum

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22
Q

Grey matter is located where?

A

On the periphery in the cortex and cerebellum + Deep in the spinal cord and brainstem

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23
Q

Crossing patterns: sensory patterns - where?

A

Some level of the nervous system

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24
Q

Crossing patterns: motor pathways - where?

A

As descend

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25
Q

Crossing patterns result in…

A

Contralateral control of brain, so deficits manifest contralateral to lesion side;

Exception: crossing patterns in cerebellum

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26
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body into 2 halves; perpendicular to frontal (coronal) plane

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27
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Divides body into two sides

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28
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

Divides anterior from posterior; perpendicular to sagittal plane

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29
Q

Rostral direction

A

Towards the nose (or tip of frontal lobe)

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30
Q

Caudal direction

A

Towards the tail (or end of spinal cord)

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31
Q

Why use rostral + caudal terms for CNS?

A

The cephalic flexure results in the telencephalon (cerebrum) being at 100 degree angle to the spinal cord and brainstem

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32
Q

How many neurons are there?

A

20 billion in the neocortex

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33
Q

How many synapses of neurons exist?

A

0.15 x 10^15 synapses

34
Q

How many glial cells are there?

A

39 billion in the neocortex

35
Q

Neurons are classified by 1) shape into…

A

1) Multipolar, 2) Pseudounipolar, 3) Bipolar

36
Q

Bipolar neurons are special sense organs for what senses?

A

Olfactory (smell), vision (sight), and hearing

37
Q

Neurons are classified by 2) according to their connections into…

A

1) Sensory, 2) Motor, 3) Interneurons

38
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Receive info from receptors

39
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Send info to muscles or glands; has lots of branches

40
Q

Which constitutes the majority of neurons? Sensory, motor, or interneurons?

A

Interneurons

41
Q

What defines multipolar neurons?

A

Has many branches (blob with a bunch of spikes, e.g., hand + fingers)

42
Q

What defines pseudo unipolar neurons?

A

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG); one process is in the periphery, to body, one process centrally towards CNS

43
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Cell Body is also called…

A

soma, perikaryon

44
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Dendrites

A

Where the synaptic input is received

45
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Spines

A

On dendrites to increase surface area for synaptic input; only present while active plasticity (e.g., while learning); can be resorbed (when intense learning phase is over) or built out again (when long term learning phase starts)

46
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Nucleus

A

Has a nucleolus inside

47
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Nissl substance

A

Rough ER; disappears if the cell is damaged

48
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Axon Hillock

A

Connection between cell body/soma to axon

49
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Axon

A

Myelinated

50
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Myelin segments

A

Myelin sheaths cover myelin segments to increase speed of impulse propagation

51
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin segments

52
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Synaptic ending, bouton, terminal

A

Where neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles before release into the synaptic cleft to communicate with another neuron

53
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Collaterals

A

Multiple endings of an axon; allows a single neuron to reach many targets

54
Q

Glia in nervous system are considered neuroglia, aka…

A

“Nerve glue”; supports neurons since there aren’t many connective tissue fibers present; prevents NS from turning into mush

55
Q

Glia functions (x4)

A

1) Act as “skeleton” of CNS; 2) Help maintain electrolyte balance, nutrition, and homeostasis in CNS; 3) Participate in immune response; 4) Modulate Neurotransmission - clears NTs from synaptic cleft, secretes “modulators” such as ATP, releases glutamate (in vivo)

56
Q

Types of Glial cells: Macroglia: Astrocytes - function

A

1) Perivascular end feet to help transport nutrients to far away neurons; 2) May be involved in transport of nutrients - selective absorption; 3) Forms a glial membrane (barrier) beneath the pia mater; 4) Forms glial scar after injury; 5) Has many interconnections via small gap junctions

57
Q

Types of Glial cells: Macroglia: Astrocytes - 2 types

A

1) Fibrous astrocyte (white matter); 2) Protoplasmic astrocyte (grey matter)

58
Q

Glial intracranial tumors

A

1) Glioblastomas (fast growing astrocytic tumor); 2) Astrocytomas (slow growing astrocytic tumor)

59
Q

Types of Glial cells: Macroglia: Oligodendrocytes

A

1) Has little cytoplasm/small body; 2) Produces myelin sheaths of CNS; 3) One oligodendrocyte gives off processes (arms) to myelin ate segments of several (up to 15) different axons, but cannot myelin ate two segments of a single axon

60
Q

Types of Glial cells: Microglia

A

1) Smaller than macroglia; 2) Normally inactive; 3) Active after injury, with infection; 4) Can change into macrophage for phagocytosis

61
Q

Types of Glial cells: Ependymal Cells

A

Line the inner surface of the ventricles of the brain to contain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) within the ventricles

62
Q

Types of Glial cells: Schwann Cells

A

1) Glial type of the PNS; 2) Myelinates PNS axons; 3) Supports unmyelinated axons in PNS; 4) One Schwann cell myelinated one myelin segment

63
Q

Types of Glial cells: Satellite Cells

A

A glial cell type of the PNS that supports the cell bodies in the DRG

64
Q

Protein Synthesis and Transport: DNA

A

DNA determines which proteins are synthesized - specific to the cell (e.g., NTs and receptors) or common to all cells (e.g., proteins that make up cytoskeleton, membranes)

65
Q

Protein Synthesis and Transport: Proteins made for use outside cell

A

Examples: Neurotransmitters + hormones

66
Q

Protein Synthesis and Transport: Proteins made for use within the cell

A

Examples: Cytoskeleton proteins, ion channels, receptors, enzymes, proteins that support dendrites and spines

67
Q

Protein Synthesis and Transport: Cytoskeleton: Functions (3)

A

1) Supports the neuron, giving rigidity and shape; 2) Holds receptors in place in the membrane; 3) Transports substances

68
Q

Protein Synthesis and Transport: Cytoskeleton: 3 Filament Types

A

1) Microtubules (transport); 2) Microfilaments (support body); 3) Neurofilaments (support axon)

69
Q

Protein Synthesis and Transport: Cytoskeleton: Transport

A

1) Transport anterogradely (away from cell body) and retrogradely (toward cell body); 2) Transport mechanisms can be affected in certain types of neuropathies (e.g., diabetes) because they are energy-dependent (longer/fatter neurons require greater energy)

70
Q

What is Computerized Tomography?

A

CT scan that uses the principles of an X-ray machine to measure tissue density; Compiled data of single slices into one image

71
Q

CT imaging: Appearance of tissues

A

1) Brighter areas - more water, grey matter, hyper-dense; 2) Darker areas - more fat, white matter, hypo-dense; 3) Grey areas - iso-dense

72
Q

CT imaging: Hemorrhage

A

Determines age of hemorrhage: Acute - brighter; Subacute (2-3 weeks) - isodense; Chronic - darker

73
Q

CT imaging: Ischemia (loss of blood flow)

A

1) Not good for imaging ischemia in first 6 hours; 2) After, edema visible and infarcted (dead due to lack of blood) tissue appears dark

74
Q

MRI: Physics

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetism, properties of photons and hydrogen molecules

On/off pulses of magnets causes H molecules to give off magnetic field energy pulse, which is detected and constructed into an image

75
Q

MRI: T1 and T2

A

T1 and T2 weighted images can be generated, dependent on different axes of proton spins

76
Q

MRI: T1

A

Looks like an image of the anatomical brain (e.g., white matter is white, grey matter is grey)

77
Q

MRI: T2

A

Looks like a photo negative

78
Q

MRI: Ischemia

A

T2 can detect ischemic area a few hours after onset

79
Q

MRI: Hemorrhage

A

Acute (6-24 hrs) difficult to see on both T1 and T2 b/c it appears grey and is hard to distinguish from CSF

By 3-30 days, appears white on both T1 and T2 images

80
Q

CT vs. MRI: MRI Advantages

A

1) Anatomical detail and detection of small lesions; 2) Acute ischemia (within a few hours utilizing DWI [diffusion weighted imaging])

81
Q

CT vs. MRI: CT Advantages

A

1) Acute hemorrhage and aging of hemorrhages; 2) Cheaper, quicker, can be done with metals in field (MRI costly, takes longer, can’t be done with metals in field)

Clinical Neuroscience I (1 decks)

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