Quiz 1 Flashcards
covalent bond
strongest kind of bond. Atoms share 1 or more pairs of outer electrons.
molecule
2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
non-polar covalent bonds
A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms with similar electronegative.
polar covalent bonds
A covalent bond with atoms with different electronegativities. The shared atoms are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom. Water.
ionic bond
the bond that forms when 2 oppositely charged ions
attract each other. salt.
Hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially + hydrogen atom participates in a polar covalent bond in one molecule when the partially - atom participating in another molecule.
Cohesion
The sticking together of molecules of the same kinds, often by hydrogen bonds.
Adhesion
the clinging of 2 substances to another
surface tension
The resistance of the water layer from breaking
Heat
Amount of energy associated with movement of atoms and molecules in a body of matter.
acid
compound that donates a H+ ion
Solvent
dissolving agent (water).
solute
what gets dissolved (salt)
Base
compound that accepts an H+ ion
What are water’s life supporting properties?
- cohesion, adhesion and surface tension
- ability to store heat
- ice floats
- water is the universal solvent
Carbohydrates
have oxygen containing functional groups that make them polar/charged and therefore hydrophilic.
Lipids
most of the molecule is hydrophobic. Attached functional groups are hydrophilic.
proteins
polymer of amino acids ( 20 amino acids).
nucleic acids
the phosphate functional groups are hydrophilic. Nitrogenous bases have mix of properties.
macromolecules
molecules of proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids may be huge.
polymers/ monomers
Chains of smaller molecules that can join together to make macromolecules in cells. Consists of many identical building blocks called monomers.
dehydration reactions
remove water
hydrolysis
adds water
enzymes
Used in both dehydration and hydrolysis. Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells (catalysts).
monosaccharides
simplest carbohydrate. Main fuels for cellular work.
disaccharide
The bonding of 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharides
starch
storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers and found in plants
glycogen
storage polysaccharide composed of glucose which is a branched polymer by animals when glucose is needed.
cellulose
polymer or glucose that forms plant cells walls
chitin
polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton
lipids
water insoluble compounds that are important in energy storage structure of cells and specialized functions. Have a hydrocarbon core.
unsaturated fats
has 1 fewer hydrogen atom on each carbon of the double bond
saturated fats
no double bond on their hydrocarbon chain. Have max # of hydrogen atoms
phospholipids
structurally similar to fats and are an important component of all cells. Have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Steroids
lipids composed of fused ring structures
cholesterol
example of steroid that plays significant role in the structure of the cell membrane
carbon skeleton
chain of carbon atoms. may be branched or unbranched and may have double bonds.
hydroxyl group
consists of hydrogen bonded to an oxygen
carbonyl group
carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom
carboxyl group
consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group
amino group
composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton
phosphate group
consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
methyl group
consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen. nonpolar group
amino acids
building blocks of proteins, have an amino group and a carboxyl goup
three parts of a nucleotide
five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous group
diffusion
random movement of molecules
