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Grade 11 Biology > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a trait?

A

A characteristic of an organism, such as hair colour or the sounds of a person’s voice.

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2
Q

What is the dominant trait for tongue rolling?

A

Tongue-roller

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3
Q

What is the recessive trait for tongue rolling?

A

Non-tongue roller

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4
Q

Which thumb trait is dominant?

A

Straight thumb

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5
Q

Which thumb trait is recessive?

A

Curved thumb

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6
Q

What is the dominant trait for pinkies?

A

Straight pinkies

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7
Q

What is the recessive trait for pinkies?

A

Curved pinkies

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8
Q

What is the dominant trait for earlobes?

A

Detached earlobe

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9
Q

What is the recessive trait for earlobes?

A

Attached earlobe

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10
Q

What hairline trait is dominant?

A

Widow’s peak or pointed hairline

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11
Q

What hairline trait is recessive?

A

Straight or smooth hairline

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12
Q

What is the dominant trait for dimples?

A

Dimples

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13
Q

What is the recessive trait for dimples?

A

No dimples

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14
Q

What is the dominant trait for a cleft chin?

A

Cleft Chin

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15
Q

What is the recessive trait for a cleft chin?

A

No Cleft

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16
Q

What is the dominant trait for the second toe?

A

Longer 2nd toe

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17
Q

What is the recessive trait for the second toe?

A

Second toe shorter than big toe

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18
Q

What is the dominant trait for mid-digit hair?

A

Mid-digit hair

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19
Q

What is the recessive trait for mid-digit hair?

A

No mid-digit hair

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20
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of heredity and variation of living organisms and how genetic info is passed through generations.

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21
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A
  • Living things are made of cells
  • Cells are the most basic unit of life
  • New cells must come from pre-existing cells
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22
Q

What are the three reasons cells divide?

A
  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Maintenance
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23
Q

How does the time taken to divide vary?

A

Varies based on species and tissue.

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24
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Cells that make up the body of living organisms, all with the same DNA (not gametes).

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25
What are gametes?
Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells - half the DNA).
26
What is asexual reproduction?
The formation of two genetically identical offspring from one single parent cell.
27
What is the formal name for the process of asexual reproduction?
Mitosis
28
What is chromatin?
DNA coiled and compacted to form threads, only in interphase.
29
What are chromosomes?
DNA packed tightly during mitosis.
30
What is a centromere?
Connection in the middle of a chromosome.
31
What is a chromatid?
Half a chromosome.
32
What happens during the S phase?
DNA replication occurs, resulting in sister chromatids.
33
How many chromosomes are present after DNA replication in interphase?
46 chromosomes = 92 sister chromatids
34
What is the mitotic phase (M phase)?
The division stage of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
35
What occurs in mitosis?
Duplicated genetic material is distributed equally between two daughter cells.
36
What occurs in cytokinesis?
The cell’s cytoplasm is divided into two.
37
What is prophase?
* Centrioles appear and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. * Spindle fibers form between the poles. * Nuclear envelope breaks down. * Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
38
What occurs during metaphase?
Chromosomes align along the center of the cell and spindle fibers connect to the centromeres.
39
What happens in anaphase?
Chromosomes are split at the centromere and begin getting pulled to opposite ends of the cell towards the centriole.
40
What is telophase?
Spindle fibers dissolve, and the nuclear membrane begins to form around the chromosomes.
41
What happens to chromosomes after cytokinesis?
They unravel back to chromatin.
42
How does cytokinesis occur?
An indentation forms in the cell membrane and deepens until the cell is pinched in two.
43
What do the two daughter cells produced after cytokinesis contain?
* A single nucleus * The correct amount of genetic material for a body cell * Surrounding cytoplasm and organelles * A plasma membrane
44
What is the purpose of specific checkpoints in the cell cycle?
To monitor growth and ensure the cycle continues or stops appropriately.
45
What is the key to preventing uncontrolled growth such as cancer?
Regulation of the cell cycle.
46
What is DNA?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics by having many genes that code for proteins.
47
What structure does DNA form?
DNA forms a double helix molecule.
48
What are genes?
Genes are short sections of coded DNA that code for a specific trait.
49
Where is DNA located in the cell?
DNA is located in the nucleus.
50
What is chromatin?
Chromatin is the fine strands of DNA wound around proteins called histones.
51
What is a nucleosome?
A nucleosome is the DNA/histone package.
52
What do chromosomes condense from?
Chromosomes condense from chromatin.
53
What are chromosomes made of?
Chromosomes are made of condensed DNA and proteins called histones.
54
What are telomeres?
Telomeres are non-coding sections at the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time DNA replicates.
55
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that form a spiral shape called a double helix.
56
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
* A phosphate * A sugar * A nitrogenous base
57
What forms the backbone of DNA?
The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of DNA.
58
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
* Adenine (A) * Thymine (T) * Cytosine (C) * Guanine (G)
59
What are complementary base pairs?
Adenine bonds to Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine bonds to Guanine (C-G).
60
What is a genome?
The complete sequence of nucleotides in every cell is called the genome.
61
What occurs during a mutation?
A mutation occurs when there is a change in the sequence of bases.
62
What connects the sugars and phosphates in DNA?
Strong covalent bonds connect the sugars and phosphates.
63
What connects the nitrogen bases in DNA?
Weak hydrogen bonds connect the bases.
64
How does DNA replication occur?
DNA replication occurs during the S phase of Interphase when the double helix unwinds and splits.
65
What is semi-conservative replication?
Semi-conservative replication means one half of the strand will be an original and one a newer copy.
66
What enzyme is involved in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that causes DNA to unwind and unzip.
67
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells.
68
What are autosomes?
Autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an organism.
69
What are sex chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes are either an X or Y chromosome that determines the genetic sex of an organism.
70
Do more chromosomes indicate a more complex organism?
False. There is no link between the number of chromosomes and the complexity of the organism.
71
What are homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs that are the same size and code for the same genes.
72
What are alleles?
Alleles are different forms of a gene.
73
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a picture of a person’s particular set of chromosomes.
74
What chromosomes are considered autosomes?
Autosomes are chromosomes 1-22.
75
Fill in the blank: The nitrogen bases make the steps of the ladder in DNA, connected by _______.
weak hydrogen bonds.
76
What is the purpose of meiosis?
Meiosis is a two-stage cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. ## Footnote It results in genetic variation and is essential for sexual reproduction.
77
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis is used for asexual reproduction and results in two genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid cells. ## Footnote Mitosis involves one division, whereas meiosis involves two divisions.
78
What are gametes?
Gametes are sex cells contributed by each parent, including sperm cells from males and egg cells from females. ## Footnote Gametes fuse during fertilization to form a zygote.
79
What is a zygote?
A zygote is a new individual cell formed when a male sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell. ## Footnote It contains one complete set of chromosomes, making it diploid.
80
Define haploid and diploid.
Haploid (n) is one set of chromosomes; diploid (2n) is two sets of chromosomes. ## Footnote In humans, n = 23 and 2n = 46.
81
What is the diploid number (2n) in humans?
The diploid number (2n) in humans is 46 chromosomes. ## Footnote This includes 44 autosomal and 2 sex chromosomes.
82
What is the haploid number (n) in humans?
The haploid number (n) in humans is 23 chromosomes. ## Footnote This represents the number of chromosomes contributed by one parent.
83
What are homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that carry the same series of genes, one from each parent. ## Footnote Example: One parent may contribute a gene for brown eyes, while the other contributes a gene for blue eyes.
84
What are the two main goals of meiosis?
* Genetic Reduction: from 2n to n * Genetic Recombination: producing variation through crossing over. ## Footnote Genetic recombination occurs during prophase I.
85
What is crossing over?
Crossing over is the process where non-sister chromatids intertwine and exchange genetic material during meiosis. ## Footnote This increases genetic variation among offspring.
86
Define independent assortment.
Independent assortment refers to the random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I. ## Footnote This leads to genetic diversity as maternal and paternal chromosomes are assorted into gametes.
87
What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, with one chromosome from each homologous pair found in each new daughter cell. ## Footnote This is the reduction stage of meiosis.
88
What is gametogenesis?
Gametogenesis is the formation of haploid sex cells, occurring in the testes and ovaries. ## Footnote It includes spermatogenesis for sperm and oogenesis for eggs.
89
What is spermatogenesis?
Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm cells through equal division during meiosis. ## Footnote It results in four viable sperm cells from one diploid germ cell.
90
What is oogenesis?
Oogenesis is the production of egg cells, which occurs through unequal division during meiosis. ## Footnote It results in one viable egg and polar bodies that are not functional.
91
Why do males produce more sperm cells than females produce eggs?
Males produce hundreds of millions of sperm daily to ensure successful fertilization, while females produce about 400-500 eggs in their lifetime. ## Footnote Sperm cells are smaller and faster to reach the egg.

Grade 11 Biology (3 decks)

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