Quiz 1 Flashcards
Introduction 2
What is the contemporary biological definition of sex?
Sex is a system of multiple related biological mechanisms
What does “FuCaDeEv” stand for
Function, Causation, Development, and Evolution
What are the Level of Questions for Tinbergen’s four questions and where are they classified?
Proximate(How) and Ultimate(Why)
Function and Evolution are Ultimate questions while Causation and Development are Proximate questions
What are the Objects of Study for Tinbergen’s four questions and where are they classified?
Contemporary(Present day) and Historical(Sequence of Events)
Function and Causation are Contemporary questions while Development and Evolution are Historical questions
What was unique about Berthold’s experiment?
It was the first FORMAL experiment in endocrinology in 1849
What was the result of Berthold’s experiment?
He demonstrated that a product of the testes in a Cockerel was necessary for it to develop into a typical adult rooster and that this product traveled through the bloodstream to eventually affect development and behavior
What was Berthold’s experiment method?
He had three different groups of Cockerel. One was fully castrated, one was castrated with its testes then reimplanted, and two cockerels were given one teste each(removed from one and given to the other castrated cockerel). The development of the cockerels was then observed. the first developed into a capon and the other two showed normal male development
What is a hormone(definition)?
It is a natural chemical that is produced in one part of the body and released into the blood through endocrine glands. This chemical then triggers or regulates specific functions in another part of the body.
What is Paracrine Signaling? Is it short distance, long distance, or both? How are they traditionally facilitated?
Signals that are transmitted only to cells near the emitting cell; this is always short-distance; they are traditionally facilitated through Neurotransmitters
What is Endocrine Signaling? Is it short distance, long distance, or both?
Signals that are produced by endocrine cells that travel through the bloodstream to reach other parts of the body; this is primarily long-distance; they are traditionally facilitated through Hormones
What is a neuroactive substance? What are the two types?
Biologically active substances capable of inducing postsynaptic changes in the neuron or other targets(e.j. muscle). The two types are Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
What is a Neurotransmitter’s function?
To send an excitatory or inhibitory signal to the post-synaptic space of the receiving neuron
What is a Neuromodulator’s function?
To modulate a neurotransmitter’s signal before it reaches the target
Do Hormones cause or influence behavior?
INFLUENCE
Where do hormones interact with the network of systems that leads to behaviors?
- sensory sensitivity
- neuromodulators
- enhances effectors
Extra: explain in terms of zebra finches or mosquitos!
How and why do hormones not CAUSE behavior?
Hormones cannot create behaviors that did not already have a chance of happening; so hormones increase the likelihood of a specific behavior taking place in the appropriate behavioral or social context
Examples of hormones influencing behavior
-Brazil v. Italy(losers T go down and vice versa)
- zebra finches with or without testosterone present(singing v. not singing)
- song sparrows with or without competition(t goes up with prolonged contact with competitor)
- blue-headed wrasse(when male isn;t present, biggest female undergoes a sex change)
(Most) Hormones and Receptors are…
Proteins!
Types of protein binding
- competitive inhibition
- allosteric inhibition
- allosteric activation
