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Sleep > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does amplitude indicate?

A

voltage

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2
Q

What does frequency indicate?

A

cycles per second

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3
Q

What brain wave has frequencies of greater than 13 hertz?

A

Beta waves

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4
Q

What brain wave has frequencies of 8-13 htz?

A

Alpha waves

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5
Q

What brain wave has frequencies of 4-7.99 hz?

A

theta waves

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6
Q

What brain wave has frequencies of 0-3.99 hz?

A

Delta waves

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7
Q

What brain wave is present when you are awake and your eyes are open?

A

Beta

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8
Q

What brain wave is present when you are awake and your eyes are closed?

A

Alpha

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9
Q

What brain waves are present in the first stage of sleep?

A

Theta waves

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10
Q

Describe the N1 stage of sleep wave form

A

Theta
Low voltage mixed frequency
Slow eye movements
Vertex sharp waves

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11
Q

In what stage of sleep are vertex sharp waves present?

A

Stage N1

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12
Q

Describe the waves present in the N2 stage of sleep

A

Theta
K Complex
Sleep spindles

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13
Q

Describe a K complex

A

Negative then positive deflection (up then down)
Long and wide (>0.5 seconds)

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14
Q

Describe sleep spindles

A

11-16 hz
>0.5 seconds

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15
Q

In what stage of sleep are K complexes and sleep spindles present?

A

stage N2

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16
Q

Describe the waveforms associated with Stage N3 of sleep

A

Delta waves
0.5-2 hz
>75 microvolts
>20% epoch (20% of 30 seconds)

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17
Q

What waveforms are associated with REM?

A

theta
sawtooth waves
2-6 hz

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18
Q

What happens to the chin during REM sleep?

A

Chin atonia, flat line

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19
Q

How much times is “normal” to spend awake when trying to fall asleep?

A

10-20 minutes

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20
Q

How long does stage N1 normally last?

A

1-7 minutes

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21
Q

How long does stage N2 normally last?

A

10-25 minutes

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22
Q

How long does stage N3 tend to last?

A

20-40 minutes

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23
Q

How long does REM tend to last?

A

1-5 minutes

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24
Q

What percentage of the entire night do we spend in N1?

A

5%

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25
Q

What percentage of the entire night do we spend in N2?

A

45-55%

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26
Q

What percentage of the entire night do we spend in N3?

A

20%

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27
Q

What percentage of the night do we spend in REM sleep?

A

20%

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28
Q

How many REM periods do people usually get per night?

A

4-6

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29
Q

How is sleep apnea thermal defined?

A

Drop in peak thermal sensor by >90% of baseline by >10 seconds

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30
Q

Describe a central apnea

A

Drop in peak thermal sensor by >90% of baseline by >10 seconds
absent inspiratory effort

31
Q

Describe a mixed apnea

A

Drop in peak thermal sensor by >90% of baseline by >10 seconds
begins with absent inspiratory effort followed by resumption of effort

32
Q

Define hypopnea

A

Drop in nasal pressure by >30%
>10 seconds
>3% desaturation or arousal

33
Q

What is a RERA?

A

respiratory efforted related arousal

34
Q

What characterizes a RERA?

A

> 10 seconds
increased respiratory effort
Arousal
Does not meet apnea or hypopnea criteria

35
Q

Describe the apnea hypopnea index

A

Average number of apneas and hypopneas during the sleep study

36
Q

What is the formula for the apnea hypopnea index?

A

(apneas+Hypopneas) x 60 / TST

37
Q

What is considered mild OSA?

A

> 5 apneas/hyopneas per hour

38
Q

What is considered moderate OSA?

A

> 15 apneas/hypopneas per hour

39
Q

What is considered severe OSA?

A

> 30 apneas/hypopneas per hour

40
Q

What is the respiratory disturbance index?

A

Like apnea hypopnea index but includes RERAs

41
Q

What machines are used to monitor bioelectrical potentials?

A

EEG-electroencephalogram
EOG-electrooculogram
ECG-electrocardiogram

42
Q

What auxiliary equipment is used in sleep studies?

A

Pulse oximeters
CPAP machines
pH meters
EtCO2
TcCO2

43
Q

Describe channel derivation

A

specific signal from a pair of electrodes

44
Q

Describe a montage

A

Arrangement of derivations

45
Q

What is referential derivation

A

EEG
Exploring electrodes

46
Q

What is a bipolar derivation?

A

EMG
Reference off one another

47
Q

What are the charges associated with the eye?

A

Cornea is positive
Retina is negative

48
Q

Where are occular signals referenced to?

A

the opposite mastoid

49
Q

What kind of derivation is occurring with the chin electromyogram?

A

Bipolar derivation

50
Q

What can the chin electromyogram detect?

A

bruxism, snoring , arousals, GERD

51
Q

What muscle is the leg EMG attached to?

A

anterior tibialis or extensor digitorum

52
Q

Where is the ECG placed?

A

3 fingers width below right and left clavicle and about 2 ribs up from bottom of rib cage

53
Q

How can respiratory effort be monitored?

A

Strain gauge
Inductance plethysmography bands
Piezo-crystal bands
intercostal or diaphragmatic EMG

54
Q

How doe the strain gauge and inductance plethysmography band detect respiratory effort?

A

they both measure changes in circumference

55
Q

How do piezo-crystal bands measure respiratory effort?

A

When placed under stress, crystal elements generate voltage

56
Q

How do intercostal/diaphragmatic EMGs detect respiratory effort?

A

depolarization and repolarization

57
Q

Where are belts to measure respiratory effort placed?

A

Chest belt placed over nipple line
Abdominal belt placed over navel

58
Q

How does a thermocouple work?

A

2 dissimilar metals generate an electrical signal from changes in temperature

59
Q

What does a thermocouple measure?

A

Airflow

60
Q

How does a thermistor work?

A

composed of material that changes electrical resistance when exposed to temp changes

61
Q

What does a thermistor measure?

A

airflow

62
Q

What is the downside of the thermistor and the thermocouple?

A

slow response time

63
Q

How does an airflow sensor work?

A

Contains a pressure transducer that converts pressure into electrical signals

64
Q

What is the drawback of an airflow sensor?

A

Exaggerates apneas and hypopneas

65
Q

What are the advantages of the thermocouple?

A

oral/nasal combination
no external power source
cheap

66
Q

What are the disadvantages of the thermocouple?

A

slow response time
signal degrades with higher CPAP pressures
can cause CPAP mask leaks

67
Q

What are the advantages of the thermistor?

A

stronger signal than thermocouples
Oral/nasal combination

68
Q

What are the disadvantages of the thermistor?

A

external power source required
more expensive than thermocouple
slow response time
can cause CPAP mask to leak

69
Q

what are the advantages of pressure transducers?

A

more sensitive
faster response time
Inline CPAP pressure monitoring
Strong signal

70
Q

What are the disadvantages of pressure transducers?

A

Non-linear
cannula can serve as obstruction
oral/mouth breathing
cannula can clog with secretions
external power source required
increased cost
noisy waveform

71
Q

What are the advatages of PVDF?

A

more sensitive
linear to flow
strong signal
no external power source required

72
Q

What are the disadvantages of PVDF?

A

Noisy waveform
Increased cost

73
Q

Where are snoring sensors placed?

A

suprasternal notch
lateral laryngeal prominence

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