Quiz 1

Question 1

What does amplitude indicate?

Answer 1

voltage

Question 2

What does frequency indicate?

Answer 2

cycles per second

Question 3

What brain wave has frequencies of greater than 13 hertz?

Answer 3

Beta waves

Question 4

What brain wave has frequencies of 8-13 htz?

Answer 4

Alpha waves

Question 5

What brain wave has frequencies of 4-7.99 hz?

Answer 5

theta waves

Question 6

What brain wave has frequencies of 0-3.99 hz?

Answer 6

Delta waves

Question 7

What brain wave is present when you are awake and your eyes are open?

Answer 7

Beta

Question 8

What brain wave is present when you are awake and your eyes are closed?

Answer 8

Alpha

Question 9

What brain waves are present in the first stage of sleep?

Answer 9

Theta waves

Question 10

Describe the N1 stage of sleep wave form

Answer 10

Theta
Low voltage mixed frequency
Slow eye movements
Vertex sharp waves

Question 11

In what stage of sleep are vertex sharp waves present?

Answer 11

Stage N1

Question 12

Describe the waves present in the N2 stage of sleep

Answer 12

Theta
K Complex
Sleep spindles

Question 13

Describe a K complex

Answer 13

Negative then positive deflection (up then down)
Long and wide (>0.5 seconds)

Question 14

Describe sleep spindles

Answer 14

11-16 hz
>0.5 seconds

Question 15

In what stage of sleep are K complexes and sleep spindles present?

Answer 15

stage N2

Question 16

Describe the waveforms associated with Stage N3 of sleep

Answer 16

Delta waves
0.5-2 hz
>75 microvolts
>20% epoch (20% of 30 seconds)

Question 17

What waveforms are associated with REM?

Answer 17

theta
sawtooth waves
2-6 hz

Question 18

What happens to the chin during REM sleep?

Answer 18

Chin atonia, flat line

Question 19

How much times is “normal” to spend awake when trying to fall asleep?

Answer 19

10-20 minutes

Question 20

How long does stage N1 normally last?

Answer 20

1-7 minutes

Question 21

How long does stage N2 normally last?

Answer 21

10-25 minutes

Question 22

How long does stage N3 tend to last?

Answer 22

20-40 minutes

Question 23

How long does REM tend to last?

Answer 23

1-5 minutes

Question 24

What percentage of the entire night do we spend in N1?

Answer 24

5%

Question 25

What percentage of the entire night do we spend in N2?

Answer 25

45-55%

Question 26

What percentage of the entire night do we spend in N3?

Answer 26

20%

Question 27

What percentage of the night do we spend in REM sleep?

Answer 27

20%

Question 28

How many REM periods do people usually get per night?

Answer 28

4-6

Question 29

How is sleep apnea thermal defined?

Answer 29

Drop in peak thermal sensor by >90% of baseline by >10 seconds

Question 30

Describe a central apnea

Answer 30

Drop in peak thermal sensor by >90% of baseline by >10 seconds absent inspiratory effort

Question 31

Describe a mixed apnea

Answer 31

Drop in peak thermal sensor by >90% of baseline by >10 seconds begins with absent inspiratory effort followed by resumption of effort

Question 32

Define hypopnea

Answer 32

Drop in nasal pressure by >30% >10 seconds >3% desaturation or arousal

Question 33

What is a RERA?

Answer 33

respiratory efforted related arousal

Question 34

What characterizes a RERA?

Answer 34

>10 seconds increased respiratory effort Arousal Does not meet apnea or hypopnea criteria

Question 35

Describe the apnea hypopnea index

Answer 35

Average number of apneas and hypopneas during the sleep study

Question 36

What is the formula for the apnea hypopnea index?

Answer 36

(apneas+Hypopneas) x 60 / TST

Question 37

What is considered mild OSA?

Answer 37

>5 apneas/hyopneas per hour

Question 38

What is considered moderate OSA?

Answer 38

>15 apneas/hypopneas per hour

Question 39

What is considered severe OSA?

Answer 39

>30 apneas/hypopneas per hour

Question 40

What is the respiratory disturbance index?

Answer 40

Like apnea hypopnea index but includes RERAs

Question 41

What machines are used to monitor bioelectrical potentials?

Answer 41

EEG-electroencephalogram EOG-electrooculogram ECG-electrocardiogram

Question 42

What auxiliary equipment is used in sleep studies?

Answer 42

Pulse oximeters CPAP machines pH meters EtCO2 TcCO2

Question 43

Describe channel derivation

Answer 43

specific signal from a pair of electrodes

Question 44

Describe a montage

Answer 44

Arrangement of derivations

Question 45

What is referential derivation

Answer 45

EEG Exploring electrodes

Question 46

What is a bipolar derivation?

Answer 46

EMG Reference off one another

Question 47

What are the charges associated with the eye?

Answer 47

Cornea is positive Retina is negative

Question 48

Where are occular signals referenced to?

Answer 48

the opposite mastoid

Question 49

What kind of derivation is occurring with the chin electromyogram?

Answer 49

Bipolar derivation

Question 50

What can the chin electromyogram detect?

Answer 50

bruxism, snoring , arousals, GERD

Question 51

What muscle is the leg EMG attached to?

Answer 51

anterior tibialis or extensor digitorum

Question 52

Where is the ECG placed?

Answer 52

3 fingers width below right and left clavicle and about 2 ribs up from bottom of rib cage

Question 53

How can respiratory effort be monitored?

Answer 53

Strain gauge Inductance plethysmography bands Piezo-crystal bands intercostal or diaphragmatic EMG

Question 54

How doe the strain gauge and inductance plethysmography band detect respiratory effort?

Answer 54

they both measure changes in circumference

Question 55

How do piezo-crystal bands measure respiratory effort?

Answer 55

When placed under stress, crystal elements generate voltage

Question 56

How do intercostal/diaphragmatic EMGs detect respiratory effort?

Answer 56

depolarization and repolarization

Question 57

Where are belts to measure respiratory effort placed?

Answer 57

Chest belt placed over nipple line Abdominal belt placed over navel

Question 58

How does a thermocouple work?

Answer 58

2 dissimilar metals generate an electrical signal from changes in temperature

Question 59

What does a thermocouple measure?

Answer 59

Airflow

Question 60

How does a thermistor work?

Answer 60

composed of material that changes electrical resistance when exposed to temp changes

Question 61

What does a thermistor measure?

Answer 61

airflow

Question 62

What is the downside of the thermistor and the thermocouple?

Answer 62

slow response time

Question 63

How does an airflow sensor work?

Answer 63

Contains a pressure transducer that converts pressure into electrical signals

Question 64

What is the drawback of an airflow sensor?

Answer 64

Exaggerates apneas and hypopneas

Question 65

What are the advantages of the thermocouple?

Answer 65

oral/nasal combination no external power source cheap

Question 66

What are the disadvantages of the thermocouple?

Answer 66

slow response time signal degrades with higher CPAP pressures can cause CPAP mask leaks

Question 67

What are the advantages of the thermistor?

Answer 67

stronger signal than thermocouples Oral/nasal combination

Question 68

What are the disadvantages of the thermistor?

Answer 68

external power source required more expensive than thermocouple slow response time can cause CPAP mask to leak

Question 69

what are the advantages of pressure transducers?

Answer 69

more sensitive faster response time Inline CPAP pressure monitoring Strong signal

Question 70

What are the disadvantages of pressure transducers?

Answer 70

Non-linear cannula can serve as obstruction oral/mouth breathing cannula can clog with secretions external power source required increased cost noisy waveform

Question 71

What are the advatages of PVDF?

Answer 71

more sensitive linear to flow strong signal no external power source required

Question 72

What are the disadvantages of PVDF?

Answer 72

Noisy waveform Increased cost

Question 73

Where are snoring sensors placed?

Answer 73

suprasternal notch lateral laryngeal prominence