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PSYA01 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1+2

1
Q

Introspection

A

the personal observation of our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

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2
Q

Mind

A

the brain and its activities, including thought, emotion, and behaviour

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3
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviour, mental processes, and brain functions. The objective study of the mind

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4
Q

Philosophy

A

the discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of knowledge

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5
Q

John Locke

A

viewed the mind as a “blank slate” at birth

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6
Q

Natural Sciences

A

sciences that study the physical and biological events that occur in nature

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7
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

work on the speed of nerve signalling (reaction time) supported that the mind had a physical basis

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8
Q

Behaviour

A

any actions that we can observe

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9
Q

Voluntarism

A

emphasizes the role of will and choice in determining thoughts, perceptions, and behaviours

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10
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • voluntarism
  • first psychologist
  • conducted the first psychological experiment
  • simple reaction-time experiments
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11
Q

Structuralism

A

mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience

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12
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

the whole of anything is greater than its part (rejected structuralism)

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13
Q

Max Wertheimer

A
  • gestalt psychology
  • believing that breaking down into elements results in the loss of some important psychological information
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14
Q

Functionalism

A
  • sees behaviour as purposeful and contributing to survival
  • focuses on the adaptive functions of behaviour
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15
Q

William James

A
  • functionalism
  • Principles of Psychology (dominated the psychology field for a while)
  • stream of consciousness
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16
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • psychodynamic theory
  • personality
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17
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve

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18
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • humanistic psychology
  • client-centred therapy
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19
Q

Behaviourism

A

features the study and careful measurement of observation behaviours

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20
Q

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

A
  • behaviourism
  • dog’s salivation response
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21
Q

B. F. Skinner

A
  • behaviourism
  • Skinner boxes
  • reward and punishment
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22
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A
  • covers the private and internal mental processes
  • how people think
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23
Q

Ulric Neisser

A
  • cognitive psychology
  • coined the term cognition
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24
Q

Biological Psychology (behavioural neuroscience)

A
  • relationships between mind and behaviour
  • the underlying biological processes
  • physical and chemical changes that cause and result from behaviour and mental processes
  • Evolutionary Psychology: how their contributions to survival and reproduction have shaped physical structure and behaviour
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25
Q

Personality Psychology

A
  • an individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving
25
Q

Developmental Psychology

A
  • the normal changes in behaviour that occur across the life span
26
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviours

27
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

the tendency to notice and remember instances that support your beliefs more than instances that contradict them

28
Q

Theory

A

comprehensive explanation of observable events

29
Q

Hypothesis

A

a proposed explanation for a situation (an educated guess)

30
Q

Descriptive Methods

A
  • designed for making careful, systematic observations
31
Q

Case Study

A
  • descriptive method
  • an in-depth analysis of the behaviour of one person or a small number of people
  • good to learn about unusual situations
32
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A
  • descriptive method
  • an in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting
33
Q

Survey (questionnaires)

A
  • descriptive method
  • participants are asked the same questions
34
Q

Sample

A
  • a subset of a population being studied
35
Q

Population

A
  • the entire group from which a sample is taken
36
Q

Focus Group

A
  • a small, often deliberately chosen, group of people who engage in a structured discussion on a topic
  • Interviews: an interaction in which participants are asked a predetermined set of questions by the researcher and are allowed to provide any sort of response they wish
37
Q

Correlation

A

a measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

38
Q

Variables

A
  • a factor that has a range of values
  • factor or characteristic manipulated or measured in research
39
Q

Measure

A

a method for describing a variable’s quantity

40
Q

Third Variable

A

a variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest

41
Q

Experiment

A

a research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality

42
Q

Independent Variable

A

an experimental variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter

43
Q

Dependent Variable

A

a measure that demonstrates the effect of an independent variable

44
Q

Experimental Groups

A

a group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable

44
Q

Control Group

A

a group that experiences all experimental procedures, with the exception of exposure to the independent variable

45
Q

Random Assignment

A

the procedure in which each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group in an experiment

46
Q

Confounding Variables

A

variables that are irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested but can alter a researcher’s conclusions

47
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

a research design that controls for placebo effects in which neither the participant nor the experimenter observing the participant knows whether the participant was given an active substance or treatment or a placebo

48
Q

Placebo

A

an inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment

49
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

an experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained simultaneously from people of different age

50
Q

Cohort Effects (generational effects)

A

variations over time

51
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

an experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long time

52
Q

Mixed Longitudinal Design

A

a method for assessing age-related changes that combine the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by observing a cross-section of participants over a shorter period than is used typically in longitudinal studies

53
Q

Reliability

A

the consistency of a measure

54
Q

Internal Consistency

A

measures within a single test that positively correlate with one another

55
Q

Validity

A

a quality of a measure that leads to correct conclusions (i.e. the measure evaluates the concept that it was designed to do)

56
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value

57
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

statistical methods that allow experimenters to extend conclusions from samples to larger populations

58
Q

Ethical Research Rules for Human Participants

A
  • must be voluntary
  • informed consent
  • no harm
  • private and confidential
59
Q

Ethical Research Rules for Animal Subjects

A

Three R’s
- replacement
- reduction
- refinement

PSYA01 (1 decks)

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