Quiz 1

Question 1

Major differences between pre-industrial, post-industrial, and modern eras of health care in the U.S.

Answer 1

The major differences include advancements in medical knowledge, technology, and healthcare delivery systems.

Example: Pre-industrial era focused on home remedies and folk medicine, post-industrial era saw the rise of hospitals and specialized care, modern era includes rapid medical advancements and digital health solutions.

Question 2

When were the first medical schools established?

Answer 2

The first medical school in the U.S. was established in the late 18th century.

Example: University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine founded in 1765.

Question 3

When did medicine become science-based?

Answer 3

Medicine began to transition to a science-based approach in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Example: Introduction of germ theory and development of modern medical practices.

Question 4

When did public health agencies and departments emerge?

Answer 4

Public health agencies and departments emerged in the mid-19th century.

Example: Creation of the U.S. Public Health Service in 1798.

Question 5

Why did public health and medicine remain divided rather than integrated?

Answer 5

Physicians wanted to continue to have autonomy over patient care. Historical separation due to different focuses and approaches to health issues.

Example: Public health focuses on prevention and population health, while medicine emphasizes individual diagnosis and treatment.

Question 6

When did health insurance emerge as a common employer or government benefit?

Answer 6

Health insurance started to become a common benefit in the mid-20th century.

Example: Introduction of employer-sponsored health insurance during World War II.

Question 7

When did globalization begin in health care?

Answer 7

Globalization in health care began to accelerate in the late 20th century.

Example: Expansion of pharmaceutical markets and medical tourism.

Question 8

When did corporate and governmental entities become increasingly involved in health care?

Answer 8

1944

Question 9

Why did the American Medical Association oppose early efforts to create universal national health insurance in the U.S.?

Answer 9

The AMA opposed national health insurance due to concerns about government intervention, loss of autonomy, and financial implications.

Example: AMA’s stance during the New Deal era and debates over healthcare reform.

Question 10

Where do health care expenditures come from?

Answer 10

*Most expenditures comes from Private Insurance (33%)
*Least expenditures comes from CHIP/Defense/VA (4%)
Health care expenditures come from a combination of private sources (individuals, employers, insurance) and public sources (government programs, taxes).

Example: Private insurance premiums, Medicare taxes, out-of-pocket payments.

Question 11

Where do health care expenditure go (what are they spent on)?

Answer 11

*Most expenditures are spent on Hospital Care (33%) and Physician Services (22%)
*Lest expenditures are spent on Administration (8%)
Health care expenditures are spent on services, medications, equipment, administrative costs, and other healthcare-related expenses.

Example: Hospital care, physician services, prescription drugs, medical devices.

Question 12

What could happen if the U.S. doesn’t get costs under control?

Answer 12

Other budgets will be cut into
Increase in national debt
Increase tax

Example: Rising insurance premiums, medical debt, and disparities in healthcare access.

Question 13

How does the U.S. compare to other countries in terms of health care costs?

Answer 13

The U.S. has significantly higher healthcare costs compared to other developed countries, with mixed outcomes in terms of quality and access.

Example: OECD data on healthcare spending per capita and healthcare outcomes.

Question 14

What kind of population health outcomes does the U.S. achieve?

Answer 14

The U.S. achieves mixed population health outcomes, with disparities in life expectancy, infant mortality, and chronic disease prevalence.

At times health outcomes are lower than other developed countries (Infant mortality rate or Life Expectancy rate)

Example: Variations in health outcomes based on socioeconomic factors and healthcare access.

Question 15

Is more health care spending always correlated with better outcomes?

Answer 15

Higher healthcare spending does not always guarantee better health outcomes, as efficiency, quality, and appropriateness of care play significant roles.
To consider:
Higher cost v.s. Poor quality of care
Higher cost v.s. Access to care
Higher cost v.s. Social disparities
Higher cost v.s. Health behaviors

Example: Studies on healthcare spending vs. health outcomes in different healthcare systems.

Question 16

What are the 3 ‘E’s of policy analysis?

Answer 16

The 3 ‘E’s of policy analysis are efficiency, effectiveness, and equity, which are used to evaluate policy outcomes and impacts.

Example: Policy analysis framework for assessing healthcare reforms.

Question 17

What traditional values in the U.S. have shaped health care?

Answer 17

Traditional values has been Scientific Advancement and Market Capitalism Such as individualism, self-reliance, and free-market principles have influenced the development of healthcare policies and systems in the U.S.

Example: Role of personal responsibility in healthcare decision-making.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of market justice in relation to health care?

Answer 18

*Access based on income
*Economic based
*Individual responsibility
Market justice in healthcare emphasizes individual responsibility, market competition, and limited government intervention in healthcare delivery.

Example: Emphasis on consumer choice, price transparency, and private healthcare options.

Question 19

What are the characteristics of social justice in relation to health care?

Answer 19

*Access based on need
*Social resources
*Collective responsibility
Social justice in healthcare focuses on equal access to care, healthcare as a right, and government responsibility for ensuring healthcare equity.

Example: Advocacy for universal healthcare coverage, public health programs, and health equity initiatives.

Question 20

What are the organizing principles of the health care systems in the U.S. and Canada

Answer 20

The U.S. healthcare system is primarily based on market principles and private insurance, while the Canadian system emphasizes universal healthcare coverage and government involvement.

Example: Contrasting healthcare models in terms of financing, delivery, and regulation.

Question 21

What is meant by ‘diminishing marginal utility’

Answer 21

‘Diminishing marginal utility’ refers to the concept that the additional benefit or satisfaction from consuming one more unit of a good or service decreases as the quantity consumed increases.

Example: Economic principle in healthcare decision-making and resource allocation.

Question 22

Is more care always better care?

Answer 22

More care is not always better care, as excessive or unnecessary interventions can lead to harm, waste resources, and have limited benefits.

Example: Overuse of medical tests, procedures, and treatments in healthcare.

Question 23

Do patients/physicians always fully consider the costs/benefits of treatment?

Answer 23

Patients and physicians may not always fully consider the costs and benefits of treatment due to factors like information asymmetry, time constraints, and emotional decision-making.

Example: Impact of financial incentives, patient preferences, and clinical guidelines on treatment decisions.

Question 24

Where do people visit health care providers more often?

Answer 24

People in the U.S. visit health care providers more frequently than in Canada, often seeking medical care for various health concerns.

Example: Differences in healthcare utilization patterns and healthcare-seeking behavior.

Question 25

Where do people pay more for health care services?

Answer 25

People in the U.S. generally pay more for healthcare services compared to Canada, due to higher healthcare costs, insurance premiums, and out-of-pocket expenses.

Example: Variation in healthcare pricing, reimbursement systems, and healthcare financing.

Question 26

What are some of the factors that contribute to increased health care costs and overall spending on health care in the U.S.?

Answer 26

Factors include technological advancements, administrative expenses, pharmaceutical costs, chronic disease prevalence, aging population, and healthcare delivery inefficiencies.

Example: Drivers of healthcare spending growth and healthcare cost inflation.