Quiz 1 Flashcards
Language used to motivate, inspire, inform, or persuade readers and/ or listeners; used in argument
Rhetoric
Figures of speech and other literary devices used in rhetoric
Rhetorical Devices
List Parts of an Argument and their meanings
Claim: your position
Support: data, references, facts, statistics
Warrant: connection between support + claim
Logic: how well was connection between claim + support
Think about the Audience
List the 3 Types of Claims and their meanings
Fact: factual + data
Value: Judgement
Policy: Should or should nots
7List the 2 Types of Support
Factual: data and studies
Expert Opinion
List the parts of Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle
Logos: Logic; the arguments you are making
Pathos: Empathy; the emotion you elicit from your audience
Ethos: your credibility; does speaker use sound logic, good sources, and honest presentation of topic
The concept of assumption that ties data to your thesis; the point you are trying to make about the thesis; reasons/ reasoning; logic
Warrant
What to look for when evaluating Evidence
is it current, sufficient, relevant, representative, consistent with audience’s experience, does it stray from credible sources, is it clearly defined
Another word for Inductive Logic
Informal Logic
Take smaller premise to come to a large conclusion; conclusion is built on lower/ smaller observations
Inductive Logic
The jump from premises to conclusions
Inductive Leap
Begin with major, all-encompassing premise first; have a second smaller one that depends on the first premise; first relationship between premises must be sound for conclusion to be sound
Deductive Logic
System of reasoning involving three proposition
Syllogism
The parts of syllogism
Major Premise
Minor Premise
Conclusion
Specific errors in reasoning that arise in the flow of inductive and deductive logic; problematic jump in your conclusion
Logical Fallacies
Defects that weaken an argument
Fallacies
Meaning of ad populum
to the people
Arguer takes advantage of the desire most people have to be liked and to fit in with others and uses that desire to get the audience to accept their argument
Ad Populum
Common type of Ad Populum
Bandwagon
Arguer tries to convince audience to do. believe something because everyone else supposedly does
Bandwagon
Arguer sets up situation so it looks like only two choices then eliminates one choice so it seems that there is only one option; this option is what arguer wanted you to originally pick
False Dichotomy
Making assumptions on a group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate; usually it is atypical or just too small
Hasty Generalization
Applies an assumption to all cases without recognizing any possible exceptions
Sweeping Generalization
What does post hoc, ergo proptor hoc
after this, therefore because of this
What is post hoc also known as
False Cause
Assuming that because b comes after a, a must have caused b
Post Hoc/ False Cause
Relying on an analogy between 2 or more objects, ideas, or situations; if 2 things being compared aren’t alike in their relevant respects, analogy is a weak one causing logical fallacy
Weak Analogy
We add strength to argument by referring to respected sources/ authority and explaining their position on issue being discussed
Appeal to Authority
Takes place when arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by making them feel sorry for someone
Appeal to Pity
Logical fallacy based on time
Appeal to Chronology
Based on age; something is good or better because it is older and proven
Appeal to Tradition
Something is somehow better solely because it is new; newness is evidence of truth
Appeal to Novelty
Ad Hominem meaning
Against the person
Tu quoque meaning
And you too!
Conclusion usually is that you shouldn’t believe another’s argument; attacking the person themself rather than their argument
Ad Hominem
Arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in a dire consequence, will take place, but there isn’t enough evidence for the assumption; inevitable consequences
Slippery Slope
Asks the reader to simply accept the conclusion without real evidence; relies on premise (says same thing as conclusion) or ignore an important (but questionable) assumption that the argument rests on
Begging the Question/ Circular Logic
Partway between argument, arguer goes off on tangent, raising side issue that distracts audience from what’s really at stake; arguer never returns to the original issue
Red Herring
When a speaker/ writer addresses an opposing view or speaker and attacks their argument or character
Attack
The presentation of only one side of an issue or viewpoint and is used subjectively to influence an audience
Bias
Using the ideas or feelings that a certain word invokes to create certain emotional responses in an audience
Connotation
Using an exact or precise meaning of a word, not an implies idea
Denotation
Establishes authority and reliability and is used to gain the confidence and trust of the audience
Ethos
The representation of something as greater than is the case and is used to grab the attention of the audience and emphasize certain points
Exaggeration
Uses facts or information that indicate whether a view is true or valid and is used to give weight to an argument or belief
Evidence
Creates imagery and express things non-literally; can help make an idea more emotive, vivid and convincing
Figurative Language
Infers that a claim is true for most people and is used to speak to prevailing beliefs or prejudices of an audience
Generalization
Special words or expressions used by a profession or certain groups; used to signal expertise and establish credibility
Jargon
Language like we or us to get a reader to agree with a claim
Inclusive Language
Words charged with an underlying meaning or implication and are used to produce emotion in an audience
Loaded Words
Involved thinking and forming judgements logically; used to appeal to the rationality of an audience
Logos
Includes feelings accentuated by experiencing love, hate, fear, etc.; an appeal to emotion is used to engage with an audience and create an emotional response
Pathos
The recurrence of certain words or phrases and is used to emphasize certain ideas making them more memorable
Repetition
Statements which are voiced as questions but are not expected to be answered; used to imply certain answers and draw audiences to certain conclusions
Rhetorical Questions
Uses groups of three adjectives or phrases to make an idea memorable
Rule of Three
