quiz #1 Flashcards
a scientific discipline whose subject matter is individual behavior interacting with environment events
behavior analysis
the four domains of behavior analysis
radical behaviorism
EAB- Experimental analysis of behavior
applied behavior analysis
service delivery
the guiding theoretical and philosophical foundation of the science of behavior
radical behaviorism
studying behavior in the lab to understand concepts and principles governing behavior
(EAB) experimental analysis of behavior
studying if concepts and principles from the lab hold true for behaviors outside of the lab
(ABA) applied behavior analysis
applying the concepts and principles shown to work in the lab and natural setting to improve socially significant behavior in clinical or everyday settings
service delivery
behaviorism consist of…
theory and philosophy
conceptual analysis
theoretical account
Basic research (EAB) is conducted in_________ settings where the goal is to understand. Conduct______ __ ______ and elaborate on______. Attempts to answer______ questions about the______ of behavior. Theoretical issues concerning basic_______. typically conducted at__________
laboratory
tests of principles
theory
fundamental
nature
phenomena
universities
ABA consist of…
applied research
experimental in ecological context
empirical account
generalized knowledge
(the practice) of behavior analysis consist of…
helping
increase efficiency
individualized outcomes
what is “analysis” in (behavior analysis)
the search for environmental variables that evoke and maintain behavior.
analysis differs from behavior modification, how?
analysis seeks the “why” of a behavior.
BM has no interest in the cause but rather only in the improvement of a behavior, resulting any many averse consequences.
behavior analysts believe tha the primary_______ variables in a person’s life reside in the________ and________ environment and that_____________ is a central conept in_________ _______ behavior.
if a______ behavior is not occurring, it is probably because there is ___ _______ available to sustain it
controlling
physical ; social
reinforcement
understanding human
;
desirable
no reinforcement
occurs to identify appropriate alternative behaviors to meet the same needs.
The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior
The more information we have about a person, the behavior we are trying
to predict, and the circumstances under which the behavior occurs, the
better our prediction will be
defines (Functional assessment)
treatment derived from experimental research backed by empirical data
evidence-based treatment
EAB consist of…
basic research
experimental
empirical account
generalized knowledge
ABA research differs from _______, is research in________ life______. Research is conducted in ways that_______ behaviors associated with________ or that_______ behaviors that improve functioning
EAB (experimental analysis behavior)
everyday; settings
reduces
impairment; increase
EAB (basic) vs Applied research (ABA). is one better than the other?
no, both are equally important
applied research is guided by theories and findings of basic research
findings in applied settings often require modification of existing theories and spur more basic research
in behavior analysis, an__________ is used to demonstrate the effect of an intervention of a particular behavior
experiment
the________ variable is the behavior and the__________ variable is the environmental change, and scientists were to say, “ im evaluating the role of a visual schedule on task completion” the visual schedule is the_______ variable and the task complete is the _______ variable.
dependent
independent
;
independent
dependent
rain dance; supersitious behavior; cultural practices… are examples of what? And, examples of why humans are bad at….
coincidence
identifying causal relations
how to evaluate causal relations, using the scientific method to ensure the methods have good validity
observations
–direct is more valid
measurement
–quantitative is more valid
experimentation
–controlled experiments are more valid
formulate inferences, laws, theories
–inductive theories are more valid
replication
–the more replications, the more valid
modification of inferences, laws, theories
(Q.1) research in the tradition of null hypothesis testing, random assignments, and statistical significance testing, is called ( ). Compares two_____ that receive different________.
(Q.2) evaluates_____ withing the____-_____ or group over time. compares two ______ treatments in the ______ _____. Can include _____ but not a requirement
(between-subject design)
groups
treatments
;
intervention
same-subject
different
same person
groups
intensive examination of a single individual over time. involves repeated measures, observe the change in behavior as environmental variables are changed, is called ( ). Uses ____ ____ to demonstrate ________ control.
(single-subject research)
one subject
experimental
other identifying names for single subject research
◦ N=1 research
◦ Intrasubject-replication design
◦ Intensive research
◦ Within-subjects research
◦ Repeated measures design
True or False? SCR cannot be “true experiments” and cannot reveal “causal relations” between variables (i.e., designs do not show experimental control and lack reliability)
False
true or False? SCR designs lack generality
false
______ is shown with each replication between behaviors, participants, settings or situations and time
generalization
refers to the intensive study of the individual: person, family, group, etc., information is richly detailed, and efforts are made to convey the complexities and nuances of…
Case studies
contribution of case studies
are a source for hypotheses about human performance and development
developing therapy techniques
permit the study of rare phenomena
a counter for the notion of universally applicable
have persuasive and motivational value
methodological limitations of case studies
anecdotal reliance
availability of alternative explanations
The generalizability to other individuals or situations is a major concern
since science attempts to establish laws
in science we do not talk about generality of findings until we have a finding
1900-1930’s, research with very ____ _____ _____ was the rule, rather than the exception.
(who is who)
–did sensory perception studies using one subject. believed investigation of one ore a few subjects in depth was the way to understand sensory perception.
–known for his forgetting curve, leading the experimental study of memory. major contribution using sinlge subject
–contributed greatly with his research of respondent conditioning (classical conditioning.. used few animal subjects
– law of effect, formulated early contributions to operant conditioning using few subjects at one time.
– Little Alber Experiment
Small sample size
Wundt
Ebbinghause
Pavlov
Thorndike
Watson
_________ is a______ of the number of times the behavior occurs in a given period of time. the_____is obtained by dividing the______ of response by the number of______observed each day…. also called
frequency; tally
rate
number
minutes
…the rate of response
a list of responses that may represent a category of interest that can be independently scored. each day at a fixed time, each response on the list is scored as having occurred or been completed or not.
discrete categorization
recording behavior in a period, divided into small intervals. based on the type of method the behavior is scored as having occurred or not for each interval
interval recording
the amount of time that the response is performed.
duration
the amount of time it takes before a response occurs or how long it takes for the client to begin the response
latency
for large scale group behaviors–the main interest may be in the number or proportion of people observed who engage in the acts
number (or proportion) of people who perform the behavior
many behaviors have their own specific measures that is a product, is recorded some place or is easily retrieved
response-specific measures
psychological and physical health states can be assed through biological measures that are direct or indirect measures of processes and behaviors of interest
physiological and biological-based measures
individuals’ own rating or evaluation of the problem or some domain (affect, behavior, cognition_ that is focus of an intervention or evaluation of the impact of the intervention
self-report measures
reports from individuals who have access to, can observe and can interact closely with the client
reports by others
the two ways frequency measures are used
(1). free to occur- there is no fixed limit in the number of times the behavior occurs otherwise called– Free operant– denoting, response is free to occur without restrictions.
(2). Discrete trials- limited to occasions in which behavior can take place
recording all instances of behavior of interest over the course of an observation is referred to as…..
&
in contrast___________ _________ consists of obtaining a sample of behavior during various intervals of an observation period
continuous mesurement
discontinuous measurement
large sample sizes with statistical tests became the standard and single subject designs became the exeption around_______
1930’s
basic control-group design
one group receives experimental condition
one group receives control condition
compare groups and determine if sufficient difference exist between the two groups
two approaches to research
idiographic approach: the intensive study of the individual, used to discover the uniqueness of each individual.
nomothetic approach: the study of groups
ABA was founded in _______ by ______, ______, _______ with the first publication of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis.
1968
Baer; Wolf; Ridley
7 Dimensions of ABA
Applied
◦ Select behaviors for intervention that are socially significant for participants
Behavioral
◦ The behavior chosen for study must be the behavior in need of
improvement
◦ Behavior under study must be directly observable and measurable
Analytic
◦ The demonstration of a functional relationship between environment and
behavior
◦ Providing a clear indication of how and why behavior changed
◦ Technological
◦ Procedures should be described clearly enough to be replicated
Conceptually systematic
◦ The experimenter should be able to relate specific procedures to basic principles
◦ Methods must have a scientific basis
Effective
◦ Methods must improve behavior under investigation to a practical degree
◦ Must produce changes of social or clinical significance
Generality
◦ Producing behavior change that lasts over time, settings, situations, and
individuals
Criteria for Evidence-Based Treatments
Random assignment to treatment and control or comparison groups
(e.g., no treatment, routine care,
treatment as usual for the setting)
◦ Inclusion and exclusion criteria specified
◦ Treatment manuals specify the intervention procedures
◦ Multiple outcome measures (blind raters)
◦ Statistically significant differences between treatment and comparison
condition
◦ Two or more randomized controlled studies (for group designs)
◦ The studies include replication of the findings beyond the original
investigator or originator of the treatment 38
behaviors that have immediate and long-lasting meaning for the person and for those that interact with that person
socially significant behaviors
What is…..
(1). a form of _______ that involves full range of inquiry methods: _______ ; ____: ______ _____ of antecedent or _______variables) to identify probable _________ and consequent controlling variables
(2). They are designed to discover resources, assets, significant others, competing contingencies, maintenance and generality factors, and possible reinforcer and/or punishers that surround the________ _______behaviors
behavioral assessment
potential target
the role of assessment in ABA;
identifies_______ behaviors, the response class selected for_________. Seeks to discover the________ that behavior serves in the person’s_________. Gives a picture of variables that increase,________, maintain, or _______ the behavior of interest. Provides a roadmap from which the variables controlling the behavior can be_______ and consequently,_____ intervention can be aimed more directly
target
intervention
function
environment
decrease
generalized
identified
intervention
the fives phases of behavior assessment
screening
defining and quantifying problems and establishing outcome criteria
pinpointing the target behavior(s)
monitoring progrèss
following up
preassessment considerations:
who has the_______, permission–skills to complete an________ and intervene with the client? what _______, resources, or data currently exist—review ______ _____- have all medical causes for the _______ behavior ruled out? review _______ and historical data to provide insight on the problem, its ______ of impact for the client, and previous assessment and assessment and________their effectiveness.
authority,
assessment
records
medical data
target
educational
level
intervention
reactivity:
effect of an observation and______ procedures on the behavior being________. Reduce______, unobtrusive methods; _______ _____; take effects into acount.
measurement
measured
reactivity
repeat observation
ABC Recording/Anecdotal Observation:
______–>_______–>__________
antecedent; behavior; consequence
Direct Observation
Preferred method
◦ Direct and repeated
◦ Natural environment
◦ Identifies potential target behaviors
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assessing social significance
considering______ behaviors is being_____ and why. unacceptable to change_______ primarily for the______ of_________. to what extend will propose change_______ the person’s life?
whose
assessed
behavior
benefit
others
improve
Occurs when a person’s repertoire has been changed such that short-
and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term
punishers are minimized
◦ Use to assess the meaningfulness of behavior change
habilitation
(1). Is this behavior likely to produce reinforcement in the client’s natural
environment after treatment ends?
will the behavior_______ the person’s_____ to environments in which other important behaviors can be_______ or used
will_______ this behavior predispose others to__________ with_____ in a more appropriate and supportive manner?
is the behavior a ________ ____ or _______ ______
(1).determining habilitation
increase; access; learned
changing; interact; client
behavioral cusp; pivotal behavior
Holds that only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person’s
natural environment should be targeted for change
Relevance of behavior rule
(1). behavior that opens a person’s world to new environments.
it refers to_____ behaviors learned and performed by the individual that set the occasion to_______ ________ that otherwise would not have been available.
maybe be a ______ if it meets one ore more of the following:
–access to_____ _______, contingencies, and environments.
–socially______
–generativeness
–competes with _______ responses
—number and relative______ of people is affected
(1). behavioral cusp
new; access reinforcers
Cusp:
valid
inappropriate
importance
Once learned produces changes in other untrained behaviors
◦ Advantages for both interventionist and client
pivotal behaviors
prioritizing target behaviors
- Does this behavior pose any danger to the client or to others?
- How many opportunities will the person have to use this new
behavior? or How often does this problem behavior occur? - How long-standing is the problem or skill deficit?
- Will changing this behavior produce higher rates of reinforcement
for the person - What will be the relative importance of this target behavior to future
skill development and independent functioning? - Will changing this behavior reduce negative or unwanted attention
from others? - Will this new behavior produce reinforcement for significant others?
- How likely is success in changing this target behavior?
- how much will it cost to change this behavior?
Whether the focus of the interventions and the behavior changes
that have been achieved meet the demands of the social community
of which the client is a part
social validity– * Behavior analysts’ priorities are not always in line with the priorities of others, including the client and the client’s family, school, etc.*
the three levels of social validations
social significance of the goal
social appropriateness of the procedures
social appropriateness of the effects
why defining target behaviors
to ensure agreement between observers
to ensure all the critical features of the target behavior are counted
to ensure the target behavior is counted correctly
defining the behavior using objective, clear, and complete terms.
operational definition
the dimensions of operationally defining the target behavior
OBJECTIVE–observables characteristics of the behaviors or to events in the environment surrounding the behavior that can be observed
CLEAR–Completely unambiguous so that it could be read, repeated, and paraphrased by another observer or someone unfamiliar with the behavior
COMPLETE– delineation of the boundary conditions so that the response to be included and excluded are enumerated
