quiz 1

Question 1

How are basic and applied research related?

Answer 1

-substantial overlap between basic and applied research
-each type of research has implications for the other

Question 2

Is Asch’s conformity study an example of basic or applied research?

Answer 2

basic

Question 3

Is using norms to decrease alcohol use an example of basic or applied research?

Answer 3

Applied research

Question 4

Is group identification & norms an example of basic or applied research?

Answer 4

basic

Question 5

What are the four goals of science?

Answer 5

Description
Explanation
Prediction
Control

Question 6

Which of the four goals of science the lowest level?

Answer 6

Description

Question 7

Which of the four goals of science is described by asking:
-What happens? How do people behave?
-How do people differ from one another?
-How does the same person’s behavior differ from one situation to another?

Answer 7

Description.

Question 8

Which of the four goals of science is described by asking:
-Why does it happen?
-Why do people respond differently to the same situation?
-why does the same person respond differently to different situations?

Answer 8

Explanation

Question 9

Which of the four goals of science is described by asking:
-when will a person engage in this behavior?
-which person will engage in the behavior?

Answer 9

Prediction

Question 10

Which of the four goals of science is described by asking:
-Can we get someone to engage in the behavior?
-Can we stop someone from engaging in the behavior?

Answer 10

Control

Question 11

Which of the four goals of science is the highest level and most difficult?

Answer 11

control

Question 12

A study to test how effective “Rams take Care, Rams take Action” is at encouraging students to intervene in alcohol poisoning is what type of research?

Answer 12

Applied because it is trying to solve a real world problem.

Question 13

Why are scientist empiricists?

Answer 13

They rely on data

Question 14

Science is:
a. Manipulating
b. observing
c. measuring
d. all of the above.

Answer 14

d. all of the above.

Question 15

a characteristic or condition that can take on more than one value

Answer 15

Variable

Question 16

Which source includes a full report of a research study, including methodological details. Includes description of participants, procedures, and statistics?

Person who wrote the article collected the data.

Answer 16

Primary source

Question 17

Which source summarizes information from a primary source?

Answer 17

Secondary source

Question 18

-Suggest unobservable processes to explain why observable events occur
-more complex (multiple variables)
-include both observed and unoberved (inferred) variables
-explains the relationship between different variables

Answer 18

Theory

Question 19

specific prediction about a pattern you expect to see in your data.

-simple (two or three variables)
-involves measured variables and comparisons.
-concrete and specific

Answer 19

Hypothesis

Question 19

What are the 3 criterias for inferring causality?

Answer 19

1. temporal sequencing (causes come before effects)
2. covariation (correlation)
3. Ruling out other possible explanations.

Question 19

which research design?
measures two or more variables and look for a relation among them

cannot infer causality

Answer 19

Correlational Research design

Question 20

which research design?
Manipulate one variable to see if it causes a change in another variable

possible to infer causality

Answer 20

experimental research design

Question 21

group of people you want to be able to make conclusions about.

Answer 21

Population

Question 22

Since we can’t study everyone, we have to study a _____. Which is a group of people who actaully participated in your study.

Answer 22

Sample

Question 23

numbers that summarize data for a whole population.

Answer 23

Parameter

Question 24

numbers that summarize data for a sample.

Answer 24

Statistic

Question 25

What are connections or associates between two or more variable and summarizes the strength.

Answer 25

Effects

Question 26

what are the different possible values in a survey? some have few, some have many.

Answer 26

Levels

Question 27

______ variables may be naturally occurring, or may be manipulated in a research study.

Answer 27

Situational

Question 28

summarize effects in ways that let us compare them to a null hypothesis and allows us to make conclusions about whether the effect is statistically significant (what would we expect if there was no effect?).

Answer 28

Test statistics

Question 29

What are variables that divide people into a small number of groups?

Answer 29

Grouping variables

Question 30

What are variables for which people fall along a continuum?

Answer 30

Continuous variables

Question 31

A _____ variable consists of a set of categories that have no natural or logical order to them. They have different names, but do not make any quanitative distinctions.

Answer 31

Nominal

Question 32

What is a nominal variable with only two categories called?

Answer 32

dichotomous

Question 33

A _____ variable consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. They do not tell us how much "more than" or "less than" one observation is compared to another. (Rank Order)

Answer 33

Ordinal

Question 34

What is used for how we will measure (and record) the variables we are interested in? Sometimes called "scales" of measurement and defined based on how the categories or (possible values of the variable are related).

Answer 34

Levels of Measurement.

Question 35

An _____ variable consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal differences between the numbers of the scale reflect equal distances in magnitude. No natural zero point.

Answer 35

Interval

Question 36

agreed-upon habits or conventions that make it easier to communicate about analyses using symbols instead of words.

Answer 36

Notation

Question 37

a _____ variable is an interval variable with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. Can compare differences and ratios.

Answer 37

ratio

Question 38

a statistical measure to determine...the single score that is most typical or most representative of the entire group. Choices of Mean, median, mode.

Answer 38

Central Tendency.

Question 39

the _____ of a variable is the mean of the squared deviations for all values of that variable.

Answer 39

Variance.

Question 40

The _______ is the square root of the variance, or the average distance of the values from the mean.

Answer 40

standard deviation

Question 41

provides a quanititative measure of the differences between scores in a idstribution and describes the degree to whihc the scores are spread out or clustered together.

Answer 41

Variability

Question 42

the _____ of a variable is the distance, or difference, between the smallest value and the largest value observed in the data

Answer 42

range

Question 43

consists of nothing but numbers and text, organized in rows and columns.

Answer 43

table

Question 44

a ____ includes more than numbers and text - shapes, graphs, arrows, even photos or other images. Essentially, if it's not in rows and columns, it's a ______.

Answer 44

Figure

Question 45

what is a long table, figure, list, or even extra text that is helpful but not necessary for the reader to understand the article.

Answer 45

appendix

Question 46

the ability for an independent researcher to obtain consistent findings by conducting a new study that follows the same procedures as a previous one but uses new data

Answer 46

replicable

Question 47

the overall consistency of a measure.

Answer 47

Reliability

Question 48

the main extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world.

Answer 48

validity

Question 49

what are three things we do about error?

Answer 49

1. remove obvious errors/inattentive response 2. understand missing data 3. assess quality of measured variables.

Question 50

data points that deviate markedly from others

Answer 50

outliers

Question 51

what type of outlier include values that look extreme because of a mistake - not real observations.

Answer 51

Error outliers

Question 52

what type of outlier inlcude values that are extreme but are not mistakes - exceptions to general trends or patterns, may be worthy of follow-up.

Answer 52

"Interesting outliers"

Question 53

what visual tool helps us see at a glance whether there are outliers for any one variable.

Answer 53

Boxplots