Quiz #1 Flashcards
When do you get primary dentition?
6 months - 2 years
When do you get permanent dentition?
Adulthood
How many primary dentition are there?
20:
- 10 maxillary
- 10 mandibular
How many permanent dentition are there?
32:
- 16 maxillary
- 16 mandibular
How many teeth does each quadrant have in primary dentition and what are they?
5 teeth/quadrant
- 2 Incisors
- 1 Canine
- 2 Molars
How many teeth does each quadrant have in permanent dentition and what are they?
8 teeth/quadrant:
- 2 Incisors
- 1 Canine
- 2 Premolars
- 3 Molars
Which teeth are anterior teeth?
Incisors and canines
Which teeth are posterior teeth?
Premolars and molars
What are the three main systems used in modern dentistry for naming teeth?
- Universal numbering system
- Palmer notation system
- International Numbering System
Describe the Universal numbering system for permanent teeth.
1-32
maxillary: 1-16 (R -> L)
mandibular: 17-32 (L -> R)
Describe the International numbering system for primary dentition.
Composed of 2 digits:
- first for quadrant (5-8)
- second for tooth number (1-5)
UR=5 | UL=6 | LL=7 | LR=8
Describe the Universal numbering system for primary dentition.
A-T (letters are used instead)
maxillary: A -> J
mandibular: K -> T
Describe the Palmer notation system for permanent dentition.
Brackets are used to describe the quadrants
8 teeth/quadrant
1 -> 8 from midline out to back
Describe the Palmer notation system for primary dentition.
Brackets are used to describe the quadrants
5 teeth/quadrant
Letters are used instead of numbers
A -> E from midline out to back
Describe the International numbering system for permanent dentition.
Composed of 2 digits:
- first for quadrant (1-4)
- second for tooth number (1-8)
UR=1 | UL=2 | LL=3 | LR=4
What are class traits?
Distinguish between class of tooth (incisor, canine, premolar, molar)
What are the trait categories?
- Set traits
- Arch traits
- Class traits
- Type traits
What are type traits?
Distinguish between type of tooth within the same class (1st molar vs 2nd molar)
What are arch traits?
Distinguish between maxillary or mandibular
What are set traits?
Distinguish between primary or permanent dentition
Where does enamel develop from?
Ectoderm
What are the tissues of the tooth?
- enamel
- dentine
- cementum
- pulp
Describe enamel
outer surface of crown
hardest substance in body
white/shiny
highly calcified and inorganic
What is enamel the product of?
Ameloblast cells
What is the percentage composition of enamel?
95% hydroxyapatite
1% organic matter
4% water
Where does dentine develop from?
Mesoderm
What is dentine the product of?
Odontoblast cells
Describe dentine
in crown and root
surrounds pulp
yellowish
not visible
calcified and inorganic
What is the percentage composition of dentine?
70% hydroxyapatite
18% organic matter
12% water
What is cementum the product of?
Cementoblast cells
Where did cementum develop from?
Mesoderm
Describe cementum
external layer of the anatomical root
dull yellow color
hard as bone
calcified and inorganic
What is the percentage composition of cementum?
65% hydroxyapatite
23% organic matter
12% water
Describe pulp
located in pulp chamber and rooth canal
surrounded by dentin (except at apical foramen)
not calcified
soft
What is the Cementodentinal Junction (CDJ)?
inner surface of cementum lining the root visible in cross section
where cementum of anatomical root meets dentin of inside of anatomical root
inside root
Where does pulp develop from?
Mesoderm
What are the junctions of the tooth?
- Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ)
- Dentinoenamel Junction (DEJ)
- Cementodentinal Junction (CDJ)
What is the Dentinoenamel Junction (DEJ)?
inner surface of enamel cap
not typically seen
where dentin of the inner crown meets enamel of the outer crown
inside crown
What is the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ)?
junction where anatomical crown meets anatomical root
where cementum meets enamel
What is the clinical root?
Any part of tooth that is not visible in mouth
What is the anatomic root?
Covered with cementum
What is the anatomic crown?
Covered with enamel
What is the cingulum?
Enlargment or bulge on cervical third of the lingual surface of the crown of anterior teeth
What is the clinical crown?
Any part of the tooth visible in mouth
What is the incisal ridge?
cutting surface or edge of anterior teeth
What are the tooth surfaces?
- facial/labial/buccal surface
- lingual/palatal surface
- proximal surface
- mesial surface
- distal surface
- occlusal surface
Which tooth has a cusp tip rather than incisal edge?
Canines
What are the divisions of the root?
Top (Gum)
1. Cervical 3rd
2. Middle 3rd
3. Apical 3rd
Bottom (Bottom of root)
What is the cusp tip?
point/peak on chewing surface of premolar/molar
What is the cusp slopes?
Ridges that are inclined surfaces that form an angle at cusp tip
What are the divisions of the crown?
Top (Crown)
1. Incisal/occlusal 3rd
2. Middle 3rd
3. Cervical 3rd
Bottom (Gum)
What does cervico-incisally mean?
Vertically from incisal edge to cervical line
What are the ridges of the crown?
- Labial ridge
- Buccal ridge
- Cervical ridge
- Marginal ridge
- Triangular ridge
What is the labial ridge?
Ridge running cervico-incisally in center of canines
What is the buccal ridge?
Ridge running cervico-incisally in center of premolars
What is the cervical ridge?
Ridge running mesiodistally on cervical third of buccal surface of permanent molars and primary teeth
What is the marginal ridge?
The mesial and distal border of the lingual/occlusal surface
What does mesiodistally mean?
Horizontally from mesial to distal surface
What is the triangular ridge?
ridge from any cusp tip to the center of the occlusal surface
What is made of connecting triangular ridges?
Transverse ridge
Where is the triangular ridge located?
on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth
What is a transverse ridge?
ridge crossing occlusal surface in B-L direction
straight across from B –> L
What is an oblique ridge?
ridge formed by mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps
diagonal across central groove from B –> L
Where can you find an oblique ridge?
Only on maxillary molars
What is a fissure?
found at depth of developmental groove
What is the ridge formed by mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps
oblique ridge
What is a developmental groove?
defined narrow linear depression
separates lobes or major portions of a tooth
What is a supplemental groove?
small grooves that are irregularly placed not a junctions of lobes or significant portions of the teeth
What are pits?
Deep impressions at the depths of fossa where two or more grooves join together
When do the mandibular first molars erupt?
6-7 years old
What is the fossa?
Depression or hollow found on lingual/occlusal surfaces of teeth
When do the maxillary first molars erupt?
6-7 years old
When do the maxillary second molars erupt?
12-13 years old
When do the mandibular second molars erpt?
11-13 years old
When do the maxillary third molars erupt?
17-21 years old
When do the mandibular third molars erupt?
17-21 years old
How many lobes does the maxillary first molar have?
4-5
How many lobes does the maxillary second molar have?
3-4
How many lobes does the mandibular first molar have?
5
Which teeth are the most susceptible to caries?
posterior permanent teeth
How many lobes does the mandibular second molar have?
4
What is the general function of molars?
- mastication
- chewing
- grinding
- nearest to TMJ and acts a fulcrum for function
- esthetic by keeping cheeks full
- VDO
What is VDO?
Vertical dimension of occlusion
height of the lower third face during maximum intercuspation
What are point references during VDO?
Nose and chin
What happens when a patient has loss of VDO?
- Prematurely aged appearance
- protruding chin
What are the largest/strongest teeth in the arch?
First molars
Describe first molars
- largest/strongest teeth in arch
- centered in quadrant
What results from the loss of a molar?
Spontaneous drifting
less chewing surface
tissue may become damaged
Molars are wider ____________ than ___________.
- mesio-distally
- occluso-cervically
What results in TMJ problems?
The loss of 6+ molars
Maxillary molars make up __% of the mesio-distal dimension of their quadrant.
44%
Molar crowns taper to the __________. (L/B?)
lingual
Mandibular molars make up __% of the mesio-distal dimension of their quadrant.
51%
Molars are shorter ___________ than ____________.
- occluso-cervically
- mesio-distally
Molar crowns are narrower on the ________ (L/B) surface than the ___________ surface (L/B).
- lingual
- buccal
Molar crowns have a ____________ and ____________ taper.
Lingual
Distal
Molar crowns taper ________. (M/D)
Distally
What is the exception to the lingual molar crown taper?
Maxillary first molars
- taper towards the buccal
Describe a maxillary molar
- facio-lingual wider than mesio-distal
- BL > MD
- more square/rhomboid/parallelogram
What is the Cusp of Carabelli?
Fifth cusp of the maxillary 1st molar
Which molar is the Cusp of Carabelli found on and where is it?
Maxillary 1st molar
On lingual of ML cusp
On side of occlusal table
Describe mandibular molars.
- mesio-distal wider than facio-lingual
- MD > BL
- more rectangular or pentagon shaped
Each cusp has one __________________.
Triangular ridge
What ridges belongs to the ML cusp of the maxillary molars?
- mesial triangular ridge
- distal triangular ridge
What is the function of the occlusal table?
grinding surface of the teeth that help break down food
What are the 4-5 cusps of maxillary molars?
- Mesiolingual cusp (largest)
- Mesiobuccal cusp
- Distobuccal cusp
- Distolingual cusp
- Cusp of Carabelli
What is the longest and largest cusp on the maxillary molars?
Mesio-lingual cusp
Which ridges form the oblique ridge?
ML to DB triangular ridges
What are the 4-5 mandibular cusps?
1.1. Mesiolingual cusp (largest)
2. Mesiobuccal cusp
3. Distobuccal cusp
4. Distolingual cusp
5. Distal
What is the order of mandibular cusps from biggest to smallest?
ML>DL>MB>DB>D
What is the order of maxillary cusps from biggest to smallest?
ML>MB>DB>DL>Fifth cusp
Where are the cusps of the mandibular molars?
all on the occlusal table
Distal contact is more ____________ than mesial.
Cervical (closer to gum line)
What is contact area?
Where two proximal teeth touch
Where is the mesial contact area for molars?
At or near junction of occlusal/middle third
Where is the distal contact area for molars?
Middle third
What is the height of contours?
The area of greatest circumference on a tooth’s facial and lingual surfaces
Where is the facial height of contour?
In the cervical third
Where is the lingual height of contour?
In the middle third
When asking about contact area, which surfaces of the tooth are being discussed?
Proximal surfaces
- mesial
- distal
When asking about height of contour, which surfaces of the tooth are being discussed?
- facial
- lingual
All mandibular ________ have __________ tilt, relative to ____________.
- crowns
- lingual
- roots
What is the order of length for maxillary molar roots?
Palatal>MB>DB
What is an arch trait of all molars?
Lingual tilt of crown relative to root trunk
How many roots do the maxillary molars have?
3 Roots:
1. Mesiobuccal
2. Distobuccal
3. Lingual/Palatal
How many roots do the mandibular molars have?
Two roots:
1. Mesial
2. Distal
Describe third molars
- wisdom teeth
- last teeth to erupt
- may not be in function
- may cause crowding
- decay easily
- misalignment may compromise dentition
The _______ root is slightly longer than the _______ root of the mandibular molars.
- Mesial
- Distal
Which molars have no tooth in proximal contact with the distal surface?
Third molars
__% of the population is missing 3rd molars.
20%
_______(first/second) molars are smaller than the ________ (first/second) molars.
- second
- first
Maxillary 1st/2nd molar crown is often tipped _______ on the root trunk.
distally
1st molars are broader ________ than the 2nd molar near the junction of the _______ and _______ third.
- mesial-distally
- occlusal
- middle
Height of crown on _______ shorter than height of crown on ______ for maxillary 1st and 2nd molars
- distal
- mesial
Which groove separates the fifth cusp from the mesio-lingual cusp?
Fifth cusp groove
Which molars posses a transverse ridge?
1st and 2nd
The oblique ridge runs from the ________ to the __________ cusp
- mesiolingual cusp
- distobuccal cusp
An oblique ridge is a(n) _________ trait.
arch
only MAXILLARY arch has it
2nd molars have a smaller and less prominent oblique ridge. This is an example of a(n) __________ trait.
Type
- distinguishes 1st from 2nd molar
What are the fossa for 4-cusp molars?
- mesial triangular fossa
- central fossa
- distal triangular fossa
- distal fossa
What are the 5 major grooves of 4-cusp molars?
- central groove
- buccal groove
- distal oblique groove
- lingual groove
- transverse groove of oblique ridge
The ____________ groove continues into the lingual groove.
distal oblique
What is the difference between the 4-cusped 2nd molar and the 3-cusped 2nd molar?
3-cusped molar does not have DL cusp
What are the two types of maxillary 2nd molars?
- 4-cusped version
- 3-cusped version
Which fossa is absent on a three-cusp molar?
Distal fossa
How many fossae are there are 4-cusped molars?
4
What are the two major grooves of 3-cusped molars?
- buccal groove
- central groove
What are marginal ridge grooves?
common on mesial than distal
more common on first than second molars
What is the lingual grooth
between 2 lingual cusps
groove on lingual surface
has pit on the end
What is the buccal groove?
between buccal cusps on buccal surface
to middle third of the crown
Tubercles are found on what ridges?
marginal
What are tubercles?
Projections of enamel
Which molars are tubercles found on?
first molars
What are furcations?
place on multirooted teeth where root trunk divides into its separate roots
How many roots does the maxillary 1st and 2nd molars have? What are these called?
3 roots
trifurcation
Where are furcations located? Which junction?
junction of the cervical and middle thirds of the roots
How many cusps do first molars have?
5
How many cusps do second molars have?
4
In general, the two ________ (M/D) cusps are larger than the two ___________ (M/D) cusps.
- Mesial
- Distal
First molars have a _____ shape.
pentagon
Second molars have a _________ shape.
Rectangular
____________ (L/B) cusps are taller than the _____________ (L/B).
- lingual
- buccal
Mesial transverse ridge are formed by ___ and ____ triangular ridges.
- MB
- ML
mesial cusps
Distal transverse ridge are formed by ___ and ____ triangular ridges.
- DB
- DL
** distal cusps **
Which type of tooth has the largest mesio-distal dimension of any tooth (maxillary or mandible)?
Mandibular 1st molar
How many buccal cusps do mandibular 1st molars have?
3 (MB/DB/D)
How many buccal cusps do mandibular 2nd molars have?
2 (MB/DB
There is proportionally more tapering of the crown from contact areas to the cervical line one first molars than second molars because of the ______________.
bulge of the distal cusp
The height of contour is more prominent on _________ molars than ___________ molars.
- second
- first
On 2nd molars, the ___ cusp is usually wider mesio-distally than the ___ cusp.
- MB
- DB
The mesiolingual cusp is usually longer and wider than the ____________ cusp.
Distolingual
The _______ (1st/2nd) molar has a more zigzag shape than the other.
1st
The mesiobuccal groove separates the _____ and the _________ cusp of the first molar.
- mesiobuccal
- distobuccal
The distobuccal groove separates the ______ cusp from the _______ cusp of the first molar.
distobuccal
distal
Buccal groove separates the ______ cusp from the _______ cusp of the second molar
MB
DB
Which groove of the first and second molars is unlikely to be carious?
Lingual groove
The __________ of both first and second molars slopes occlusal from buccal to lingual.
Mesial CEJ
The ________ is nearly straight.
distal cervical line
True or false?
The CEJ is nearly straight across the buccal surface on mandibular first and second molars.
True
How many maxillary incisors?
4:
- 2 central
- 2 lateral
How many mandibular incisors?
4:
- 2 central
- 2 lateral
Smile zone
Anterior teeth that are noticeable when missing
What is in ideal dentition?
- proximal surfaces
- central incisors have two mesial surfaces next to each other
What is it called when proximal surfaces are not touching and space exists?
Diastema
How many surfaces do incisors have?
5:
facial/labial
lingual
mesial
distal
incisal
Anterior teeth form from ____ lobes.
4
What are the three rounded elevations on the incisal edge called?
mamelons
True or false:
Mamelons are seen on both children and adults.
False
What are the horizontal lines on the facial surface of crown?
Perikymata
Incisors appear rectangular. This is an example of a ________ trait.
Class
The crown of which tooth is the longest of all human crowns?
Maxillary central incisor
Lateral incisors are narrower at cervical line. This is an example of a __________ trait.
Type
The _____________ angle is slightly rounded and nearly a 90 degree angle.
mesial-incisal
The _______ is more rounded and somewhat obtuse.
Distal-incisal
The incisal edge slopes ___________ towards the distal.
Cervically
What are labial depressions?
Depression in labial surface of incisors
Mesial contact area of maxillary central incisor is in the _________ third.
incisal
Distal contact area of maxillary central incisor near the junction of _____ and _____ thirds.
Incisal
middle
__________ contact is more cervical than the ____________ for maxillary central incisors EXCEPT FOR: __________________
distal
mesial
maxillary laterals
The distal contact of the maxillary laterals is in the ___________ third.
middle
The mesial contact of the maxillary laterals is in the ___________ third.
incisal
True or false
Mandibular central incisors have the mesial and distal contact at the same level in incisal third.
TRUE
Mandibular lateral incisors have the _______ contact more cervical than the _________ contact
distal
mesial
The lingual cingulum is more centered for the _________ maxillary incisors compared to the _________ maxillary incisors.
lateral
central
What is the height of contour measuring for central and lateral maxillary incisors?
facial AND lingual in cervical third
Lingual height of contour is _________ and ________ (_-shaped)
convex
concave
(s-shaped)
The ______ of the incisal ridge corresponds to the curvature of the mandibular arch.
twist
What are some arch traits of mandibular incisors?
- smaller than maxillary
- nearly same size
- central incisors are symmetrical
- contact areas located near incisal ridge
- smoother lingual surfaces than maxillary
- roots are longer than centrals
- have incisal edge on or lingual to the root axis
