Quiz 1 Flashcards
What changes need to be made for digital vs film?
Adjust the contrast
Put these in order or most to least radiopacity (most opaque to least opaque)
a. bone
b. gas
c. fat.
d. metal
e. soft tissue
metal–>bone–>soft tissue–> fat–> gas
What is attenuation?
reduction of x-ray intensity as it passes through matter (air is low attenuation and metal is high attenuation)
What is the Max total body does or Max accumulative dose
5000 mREM
Is energy directly or inversely proportional to kVp?
directly proportional
high kVp=high energy
Summation opacity
two or more objects are overlapping resulting in more intense radiopacity
How do you calculate MAS?
mA multiplied by the time of exposure (mA x time (msex) = mAs
what is the inverse square law?
doubling the distance from the source will reduce the exposure by 1/4, more exposure makes the image darker
increased collumination ___________(increases/decreases) scatter radiation and ____________ (increases/decreases) beam restriction
INCREASES scatter radiation
DECREASES the beam restriction
decreased collumination ___________(increases/decreases) scatter radiation and ____________ (increases/decreases) beam restriction
DECREASES scatter radiation
INCREASES the beam restriction
More anatomy in the image will have __________(increased/decreased) scatter radiation
INCREASED scatter radiation
Small focal areas will have ________(sharp/blurry) images with ________(increased/decreased) resolution.
SHARP images
INCREASED resolution
What will increasing the mAs (primary) do to the quality of the image?
INCREASES quantity of X-rays which increases the total number of x-rays generated
What is the purpose of the grid?
Reduce the number of scatter photons which will increase the quality No affect on personnel exposure
What metal are the aprons made out of?
LEAD (Pb2+)
no bear hands
distance and exposure are _________(directly/inversely) proportional
INVERSELY
increased distance will decrease exposure
How would you get the beam to penetrate [lol] better?
Increase the KVP
What part fo the cell is targeted by radiation?
Nuclear DNA
What type of tissue is most radiosensitive?
rapidly dividing cells ex: late term fetus.
What tool turns poor contrast into good contrast? i.e. increase the quality
Use of the grid
what is border efacement?
same opacity right next to each other with loss of border
What is foreshortening and what is it caused by?
the image appears squished together. it is caused by geometric distortion
ex: limbs are really prone to this
What is geometric distortion?
an unwanted “warping” of the image that distorts the spatial relationship among objects in the image.
This is foreshortening which is commonly seen in the limbs.
What would you do in a Great Dane vs a mini poodle?
multiple shots of a Great Dane and adjust collumination based on size of patient and the area being imaged
What is the weight threshold to take the the plate out?
less than 10lbs
If the subject is further away from the tube, what happens to the image?
the image is magnified. This is the principle of magnification
Which vertebrae begins the anticlinal trend?
T11
What are the navicular surfaces?
a flexor and articular surface, a proximal and distal border, and a medial and lateral extremity.
Where is the aconeal process?
on the end of the ulna, goes into the capitulum
where is the olecranon?
it is the elbow process, its the thing that sticks out of the elbow
How many tarsal bones do horses have?
equine: 6 tarsal bones, some are fused
How many tarsal bones do carnivores have?
carnivore: 7 tarsal bones
Does the ischium or ileum cause the obturator foramen?
ischium
What do sesamoid bones appear as but are not?
Chip fractures, they are not chip fractures
what part fo the bone is the diaphysis?
the long portion of the bone
what part of the bone is the metaphysis?
growth plate between epiphysis and diaphysis
What part of the bone is the epiphysis?
the ends of the bone
What are the attachments of the the scapula?
I dunno look it up
Why does gravity matter with abdominal radiographs?
Gas opacity, gas rises. manipulating that will help localize obstructions
In L Lat, if gas rises right…
pylorus is inflated (foreign body)
in R LAT, gas rises to left
fundus inflated (GDV)
Which bone is not seen in DMPLO?
accessory carpal bone NOT DMPLO
Which bone is seen in DLPMO
accessory carpal IN DLPMO
Where does the biceps attach to on the scapula?
supraglenoid process
What vertebrae may appear to look like an OSA because of the diaphragm attachment?
L3-L4
the diaphragm makes it appear mottled
What is the kidney/SI size ratio in a canine?
2.5-3.5x the length of L2
what is the kidney/SI size ratio in the feline?
2x the width of L2
what are the signs of obstruction?
two populations of bowel
Do you know the clock face analogy?
no? well then maybe you should look it up on VIN
what is the positioning of veins in the thorax?
ventral and central mf
What opacity do bronchi have?
gas opacity
Which lung is on the table in a L Lat
left lung! which mean that the right lung is up. Think about how this can help with localizing a lesion
What are the lung lobes of the right lung?
cranial, middle and caudal
what are the lung lobes fo the left lung?
cranial and caudal
where would you see aspiration pneumonia in the lungs?
right middle lung lobe
where would you see the accessory lung lobe on a R lateral
just caudal to the heart and ventral to caudal Vena Cava
What is contained in the mediastinum?
the heart
great vessels
esophagus
trachea
phrenic and cardiac nerves
thoracic duct
thymus (if present)
lymph nodes (cranial mediastinal lnn, tracheobroncial lnn,
tbh I am not sold on this information
PA
PV
What are the radiographically visible parts of the mediastinum?
cranial mediastinum at base of heart
caudal mediastinal reflection at he apex of heart
If an organ is on the left side in a left lateral. Is the organ smaller or larger and why?
the organ is smaller as it is closer to the plate (i.e on the table)
in what arrangement should the arteries, bronchus and veins be in a radiograph?
Artery
Bronchus
V (central and ventral)
How will the patient position change the position of the crus of the diaphragm?
the side down, that crus translates cranially (ex; R lat patient, R crus translated cranially)
How will the position of the patient change the position of the Caudal Vena Cava?
the side down, Cd VC translates cranially (ex; R lat patient, Cd Vena Cava translated cranially)
