Quiz 1 Flashcards
Most abundant organic molecules in nature.
First product formed in photosynthesis.
Are aldehyde or ketone alcohols containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the hydrogen and oxygen are generally in the same ratio as in water.
Emperical formula for simpler carbohydrates (CH2O)N hence the name Hydrate of Carbon.
Carbohydrates
FUNCTIONS
Storage form of energy in the body.
Serves as structural component of many
organisms.
Ingredient in food and beverage industries.
Excipients in pharmaceutical formulations.
Pharmacologic effect.
Carbohydrates
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Saccharides (Sugars)
- Polysaccharides (non sugars)
– compounds that cannot be hydrolyzed to simple sugars.
Saccharides
What are the Saccharides?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Trisaccharides
Tetrasaccharides
Oligosaccharides
– are polymers of monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
What are the Polysaccharides?
Starch, Inulin, Cellulose
Chemically defined as substances belonging to the carbohydrates group that is ketonic or aldehydic substitution product of a polyhydroxy alcohol.
These sugars contain from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, but those with 5 and 6 carbon atoms ( Pentoses C5H10O5, Hexoses C6H12O6)
Monosaccharides
– simplest does not occur free in nature.
Dioses (hydroxyacetaldehyde)
– usually in the form of phosphate esters.
Trioses (Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone)
– not found in the free state.
Tetroses
– occur commonly in nature, usually as products of hydrolysis of hemicellulose, gums and mucilages.
Pentoses
– most important monosaccharides found in plants, first detectable sugars synthesized by plants and forms units from which most polysaccharides are constructed.
Hexoses
Hexoses
______ possible aldohexose,
________ketohexoses ____isomers (alpha and beta forms)
2 occur in the free state:
16
8
48
- D-fructose (Levulose) and D-glucose (Dextrose)
found in sweet fruits, honey, and invert sugar.
D-fructose (Levulose) and D-glucose (Dextrose)
– important in the glucose metabolism of animals and in the photosynthesis processes of plants.
Heptoses
Classification of Monosaccharides
- Trioses – 3 Carbon atoms (Glyceraldehyde)
- Tetroses – 4 Carbon atoms (Erythrose)
- Pentoses – 5 Carbon atoms (Ribose)
- Hexoses – 6 Carbon atoms (Glucose)
- Heptoses – 7 Carbon atoms (Sedoheptulose)
- Nonoses – 8 Carbon atoms (Neuraminic acid)
Glyceraldehyde
Trioses
Erythrose
Tetroses
Ribose
Pentoses
Hexoses
Dextrose
Sedoheptulose
Heptoses
Neuraminic acid
Nonoses
DISACCHARIDES: 3 examples
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
– Only disaccharide that occurs abundantly in free state in plants (fruit juices, sugar cane, sugar beet and sap of certain maples). It yield sugar – with epimolecular quantities of glucose and fructose.
Sucrose
– seldom occur in free state. Produced in large quantities by hydrolysis of starch during the germination of barley and other grains.
Maltose
– milk sugar, hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose
Lactose
Pharmaceutically Important Sugars:
7 SGFCHXL
Sucrose
Glucose/Dextrose
Fructose
Caramel (Burnt Sugar Coloring)
Honey
Lactose
Xylose