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CAS BI108 > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Covalent bond

A

electrons are shared in orbitals; strong

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2
Q

Ionic bond

A

electrons are transferred from one atom to another (resulting in electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions); strong

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3
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

electrostatic attraction between slightly positively charged H (in -OH and -NH) and slightly negatively charged O or M atom

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4
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

transient electrostatic attraction between two atoms, each is in a nonpolar covalent bond

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5
Q

Electronegativity

A

the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on the electrons of another atom

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6
Q

Methyl (functional group, compound class, example)

A

CH3; alkyl; alanine

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7
Q

Methyl (properties)

A

nonpolar; important modification of proteins and cytosine nucelotide

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8
Q

Hydroxyl (functional group, compound class, example)

A

OH; alcohol; ethanol

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9
Q

Hydroxyl (properties)

A

polar; hydrogen bonding; often participates in condensation reactions; required for phosphorylation of proteins

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10
Q

Sulfhydryl (functional group, compound class, example)

A

SH; mercaptoethanol; thiols

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11
Q

Sulfhydryl (properties)

A

polar; can form disulfide bridges to stabilize protein structures

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12
Q

Aldehyde (functional group, compound class, example)

A

COH; acetaldehyde; aldehyde

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13
Q

Aldehyde (properties)

A

polar; very reactive; energy-releasing reactions

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14
Q

Keto (functional group, compound class, example)

A

CO; acetone; ketones

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15
Q

Keto (properties)

A

polar; important in carbohydrates and in energy reactions

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16
Q

Carboxyl (functional group, compound class, example)

A

COO-; acetic acid; carboxylic acid

17
Q

Carboxyl (properties)

A

charged; acidic; ionizes in living tissues; reacts with amino group to form peptide bond

18
Q

Amino (functional group, compound class, example)

A

NH2; methylamine; amine

19
Q

Amino (properties)

A

charged; basic; accepts H+ in living tissues to form NH3+; reacts with carboxyl group to form peptide bond

20
Q

Phosphate (functional group, compound class, example)

A

PO2(OH)2; 3-phophoglycerate; organic phopshates

21
Q

Phosphate (properties)

A

charged; acidic; ionizes in living tissues; enters into condensation reacts, often with inorganic phosphate; when bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis is extremely exergonic

22
Q

When characterizing bonds or molecules as polar or nonpolar, what characteristics should you look for?

A

Electronegativities; dipoles

23
Q

Water is critical to life as we know it. We described three properties of water that all have biological consequences. Describe each.

A

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules: liquid water is very stable, takes lots of energy to break water molecules; need to break all H bonds to change state of matter

“Universal solvent”: polarity of water; slight positive and negative interacts with solute; solute is distributed

Aqueous solutions and pH

24
Q

Water is called the “universal solvent.” What does that mean?

A

It’s polar; another charged solute will be pulled apart by the water.

25
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Found in the membrane; exposed hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

26
Q

Anchored proteins

A

Covalently attached to lipids in the bilayer; hydrophobic lipid group inserts into the bilayer

27
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Not embedded, interacts with integral proteins or phospholipids; polar or charged regions that interact with heads of phospholipids

28
Q

Transmembrane integral proteins

A

Type of integral protein spanning the entire bilayer; hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains

29
Q

Simple diffusion

A

No cellular energy required; small, non polar, uncharged, hydrophobic molecules

30
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

No cellular energy required; channel protein/carrier protein; large, polar, charged, hydrophilic molecules

31
Q

Active transport

A

Cellular energy required; needs ATP; sodium-potassium pump

32
Q

Amino acids with electrically charged hydrophilic side chains

A

Arginine, histidine; lysine (+)

Aspartic acid; glutamic acid (-)

33
Q

Amino acids with polar but uncharged side chains (hydrophilic)

A

Serine; Threonine; Asparagine; Glutamine; Tyrosine

34
Q

Amino acids with nonpolar hydrophobic side chains

A

Alanine; Isoleucine; Leucine; Methionine; Phenylamine; Tryptophan; Valine

35
Q

Special cases

A

Cysteine; Glycine; Proline

CAS BI108 (2 decks)

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