Quiz 1 Flashcards
What is physical activity?
Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure (all forms of movement)
What is sedentary behaviour?
Any walking behaviour characterized by an energy expenditure of <= 1.5 METs while sitting in a reclining posture
Difference between physical activity and exercise:
Exercise is planned, structures, repetitive and purposefully focused on improvement or maintenance. Physical activity is a bodily movement from skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure
Why is physical activity valuable to society?
increases state of health of society, decreases the costs to healthcare systems, increases research and education and, increases program investment, research funding and policy creation
Benefits of physical activity for children and adolescents
improves; physical fitness, cardiometabolic health, bone health, cognitive outcomes, mental health, reduced adiposity
Benefits of PA for adults and older adults
improves; sleep, cognitive health, mental health, prevention of falls, risk of all-cause mortality, risk of cardiovascular disease mortality, incident hypertension, incident site-specific cancers
Benefits of PA for pregnant and post-partum women
decreased risk of; pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, delivery complications, newborn complications, gestational diabetes
Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology (CSEP) guidelines
guidelines are relevant to all Canadians. They promote growth, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness, cognitive development, and overall quality of life
24-hour movement guidelines for less than a year
Move: at least 30 mins of tummy time, sleep: 14-17 hours (0-3 months) 12-16 hours (4-11 months), Sit: not being restrained for more than an hour as well as limited screen time and reading while in sedentary position is beneficial
24-hour movement guidelines for1-2 years old
Move: at least 180 minutes, Sleep: 11-14 hours, Sit: limited screen time, not being restrained for longer than an hour
24-hour movement guidelines for 3-4 years old
Move: at least 180 mins (60 of energetic play), Sleep: 10-13 hours, Sit: don’t be restrained for more than an hour, when sedentary engaging in pursuits such as reading and storytelling with a caregiver is encouraged
24-hour movement guidelines for 5-17 years old
Sweat: Moderate to vigorous activity (at least 60 mins per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity), Step: light physical activity, Sleep: 9-11 hours of sleep (5-13 years) , 8-10 (14-17 years), Sedentary Behaviour: no more than 2 hours, limited sitting for extended periods
24-hour movement guidelines for 18-64 years old
Physical Activity: Moderate to vigorous aerobic activity (150 mins per week), several hours of light physical activities including standing, Sleep: 7-9 hours of good-quality sleep, Sedentary behaviour: limiting sedentary time to 8 hours (no more than 3 hours of recreational time
24-hour movement guidelines for 65+ years old
Physical Activity: same as other group but working on challenging balance, Sleep: 7-8 hours of good-quality sleep, Sedentary behaviour: 8 hours or less
WHO physical activity guidelines
intended for everyone
What ways can you measure physical activity?
5: questionnaires, activity diary, direct observation, accelerometers and, indirect calorimetry
What are questionnaires
subjective (self reported)
What are the pros to questionnaires?
they are cost effective, easy to administer, they rank individuals based on activity levels
What are the cons to questionnaires?
results can be biased, cannot evaluate energy expenditure
What is an activity diary?
Subjective (self reported)
Pros to activity diary
physical activity data recorded in real time, cost effective, easy to learn, can measure sleep
Cons to activity diary
decreased validity, does not measure physical activity levels
What is direct observation
subjective measure (watching a subjects behaviour in a specific setting while recording activity and intensity
Pros to direct observation
uniformity between subjects, measure of physical activity in real life conditions
Cons to observation
Requires lots of time and energy (expensive), ethical approval difficult to obtain
What are accelerometers
objective (measures physical activity and sleep and can be worn in many locations of the body [wrist, hip, thigh…])
Pros to accelerometers
no human bias, records physical activity under free-living conditions, tests a large sample uniformly, measures sleep
What are the cons of accelerometers
expensive, various processing decisions to be made, remembering to wear it
What is indirect calorimetry
objective measure (measure energy expenditure under controlled settings, measures volume of oxygen used and carbon dioxide produced)
Pros of indirect calorimetry
highly accurate and reliable, measures physical activity levels
Cons of indirect calorimetry
expensive, requires technician, can only be done for short durations
Important considerations when choosing a way to measure physical activity
age, sex, cost, what you are trying to capture, research question
What type of study is the GFHS
longitudinal intervention-based study that seeks to promote healthy habits in families with children
What is the recruitment criteria for the GFHS
children between 18 months- 5 years old and lives in guelph with no plan of moving
What is the intervention group in the GFHS
Four home visits from a RD over a 6-month period, received bi-weekly emails and mailed incentives
What is the research question for the GFHS
what are the changes in quantity, timing, and quality of sleep in children in the GFHS over the course of a year
What is the hypothesis in the GFHS
sleep quality will decrease, timing will be later at night, quality will increase for children over the course of a year
Participants in GFHS
78 total, 39 males and 39 females, 29 toddlers, 49 preschoolers, 78.2% of population is white
What are the findings in the GFHS
there is an overall improvement in sleep quality, quantity and timing over the course of ~ 1 year
what are some methods for measuring dietary intake?
self-reported (subjective) and biomarkers (objective)
What are the self-reported methods
food records, 24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), Screeners
What is a food record
can be referred to as a food diary, open ended record of all foods and beverages consumed throughout the day, reported in real time, captures short-term diet
What things would you ask for a food record
type of food and drink, portion size, eating ocations
Food records data utility
provide insight into behaviours such as: meal patterns, snacking habits, contextual factors….. They also capture the total amount of each specific food and beverage consumed……. Data can be translated into: nutrient intakes, different food groups
Strengths of Food Records
Captures real time information, easy and inexpensive to collect
Limitations to Food Records
can change eating behaviours, error estimating portion sizes, expensive and time consuming, misreporting, too long
What is 24- hour recalls
Reports food and drink from the previous day, captures comprehensive information of items consumed, captures current short-term diet
24- hour recalls data utility
provides contextual information such as: time, location, activity……Detailed information on foods and beverages consumed on a given day…… Data can be translated into nutrient intake and different food groups
Strengths of 24- hour recalls
inexpensive to implement, comprehensive, convenient, will not change individuals behaviour if recalls are unannounced
Limitations of 24- hour recall
Time commitment, relies on memory, misreporting, not feasible for certain populations (low income, no internet, non-english/ french speakers
What are FFQs
Participants report food and beverages consumed over a period of time
What do FFQs measure
frequency and portion
FFQ Data Utility
total diet and nutrient intakes are possible but difficult, frequency of intake
FFQ Strengths
captures long-term intakes, doesn’t impact one’s dietary behaviours
Limitations to FFQs
Relies on leng-term memory, may not cover all foods for total diet, doesn’t provide contextual information
What are screeners?
Similar to FFQs but focus on a limited number of foods and beverages in the past month or year
Screeners Data Utility
Can only examine particular aspects of diet but not dietary intake, nutrient intakes and food groups amount possible but difficult
Strengths of FFQs
good for food items that are not widespread through different food sources and mixed dishes, less time consuming, inexpensive to implement, doesn’t impact behaviour
Limitations of FFQs
can’t estimate total diet, relies on long-term memory, doesn’t give contextual information, difficult to compare due to variations, the use of mental math
How do you pick a measure?
What is your research question? What do you need to measure? What is your target population? What is your budget? What are some logistical considerations of your study?
What are imaged-base dietary assessments (IBDAs)
Uses food photography recording as the primary dietary record to assess food type and portion size
Strengths of IBDAs
minimize recall bias, rapid and easy collection of food intake data, no mental calculations required
Limitations of IBDAs
Reduced accessibility, inconvenient , lack of large-scale validation studies in different population
