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NUTR 3070 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical activity?

A

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure (all forms of movement)

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2
Q

What is sedentary behaviour?

A

Any walking behaviour characterized by an energy expenditure of <= 1.5 METs while sitting in a reclining posture

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3
Q

Difference between physical activity and exercise:

A

Exercise is planned, structures, repetitive and purposefully focused on improvement or maintenance. Physical activity is a bodily movement from skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure

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4
Q

Why is physical activity valuable to society?

A

increases state of health of society, decreases the costs to healthcare systems, increases research and education and, increases program investment, research funding and policy creation

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5
Q

Benefits of physical activity for children and adolescents

A

improves; physical fitness, cardiometabolic health, bone health, cognitive outcomes, mental health, reduced adiposity

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6
Q

Benefits of PA for adults and older adults

A

improves; sleep, cognitive health, mental health, prevention of falls, risk of all-cause mortality, risk of cardiovascular disease mortality, incident hypertension, incident site-specific cancers

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7
Q

Benefits of PA for pregnant and post-partum women

A

decreased risk of; pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, delivery complications, newborn complications, gestational diabetes

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8
Q

Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology (CSEP) guidelines

A

guidelines are relevant to all Canadians. They promote growth, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness, cognitive development, and overall quality of life

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9
Q

24-hour movement guidelines for less than a year

A

Move: at least 30 mins of tummy time, sleep: 14-17 hours (0-3 months) 12-16 hours (4-11 months), Sit: not being restrained for more than an hour as well as limited screen time and reading while in sedentary position is beneficial

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10
Q

24-hour movement guidelines for1-2 years old

A

Move: at least 180 minutes, Sleep: 11-14 hours, Sit: limited screen time, not being restrained for longer than an hour

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11
Q

24-hour movement guidelines for 3-4 years old

A

Move: at least 180 mins (60 of energetic play), Sleep: 10-13 hours, Sit: don’t be restrained for more than an hour, when sedentary engaging in pursuits such as reading and storytelling with a caregiver is encouraged

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12
Q

24-hour movement guidelines for 5-17 years old

A

Sweat: Moderate to vigorous activity (at least 60 mins per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity), Step: light physical activity, Sleep: 9-11 hours of sleep (5-13 years) , 8-10 (14-17 years), Sedentary Behaviour: no more than 2 hours, limited sitting for extended periods

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13
Q

24-hour movement guidelines for 18-64 years old

A

Physical Activity: Moderate to vigorous aerobic activity (150 mins per week), several hours of light physical activities including standing, Sleep: 7-9 hours of good-quality sleep, Sedentary behaviour: limiting sedentary time to 8 hours (no more than 3 hours of recreational time

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14
Q

24-hour movement guidelines for 65+ years old

A

Physical Activity: same as other group but working on challenging balance, Sleep: 7-8 hours of good-quality sleep, Sedentary behaviour: 8 hours or less

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15
Q

WHO physical activity guidelines

A

intended for everyone

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16
Q

What ways can you measure physical activity?

A

5: questionnaires, activity diary, direct observation, accelerometers and, indirect calorimetry

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17
Q

What are questionnaires

A

subjective (self reported)

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18
Q

What are the pros to questionnaires?

A

they are cost effective, easy to administer, they rank individuals based on activity levels

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19
Q

What are the cons to questionnaires?

A

results can be biased, cannot evaluate energy expenditure

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20
Q

What is an activity diary?

A

Subjective (self reported)

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21
Q

Pros to activity diary

A

physical activity data recorded in real time, cost effective, easy to learn, can measure sleep

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22
Q

Cons to activity diary

A

decreased validity, does not measure physical activity levels

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23
Q

What is direct observation

A

subjective measure (watching a subjects behaviour in a specific setting while recording activity and intensity

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24
Q

Pros to direct observation

A

uniformity between subjects, measure of physical activity in real life conditions

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25
Q

Cons to observation

A

Requires lots of time and energy (expensive), ethical approval difficult to obtain

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26
Q

What are accelerometers

A

objective (measures physical activity and sleep and can be worn in many locations of the body [wrist, hip, thigh…])

27
Q

Pros to accelerometers

A

no human bias, records physical activity under free-living conditions, tests a large sample uniformly, measures sleep

28
Q

What are the cons of accelerometers

A

expensive, various processing decisions to be made, remembering to wear it

29
Q

What is indirect calorimetry

A

objective measure (measure energy expenditure under controlled settings, measures volume of oxygen used and carbon dioxide produced)

30
Q

Pros of indirect calorimetry

A

highly accurate and reliable, measures physical activity levels

31
Q

Cons of indirect calorimetry

A

expensive, requires technician, can only be done for short durations

32
Q

Important considerations when choosing a way to measure physical activity

A

age, sex, cost, what you are trying to capture, research question

33
Q

What type of study is the GFHS

A

longitudinal intervention-based study that seeks to promote healthy habits in families with children

34
Q

What is the recruitment criteria for the GFHS

A

children between 18 months- 5 years old and lives in guelph with no plan of moving

35
Q

What is the intervention group in the GFHS

A

Four home visits from a RD over a 6-month period, received bi-weekly emails and mailed incentives

36
Q

What is the research question for the GFHS

A

what are the changes in quantity, timing, and quality of sleep in children in the GFHS over the course of a year

37
Q

What is the hypothesis in the GFHS

A

sleep quality will decrease, timing will be later at night, quality will increase for children over the course of a year

38
Q

Participants in GFHS

A

78 total, 39 males and 39 females, 29 toddlers, 49 preschoolers, 78.2% of population is white

39
Q

What are the findings in the GFHS

A

there is an overall improvement in sleep quality, quantity and timing over the course of ~ 1 year

40
Q

what are some methods for measuring dietary intake?

A

self-reported (subjective) and biomarkers (objective)

41
Q

What are the self-reported methods

A

food records, 24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), Screeners

42
Q

What is a food record

A

can be referred to as a food diary, open ended record of all foods and beverages consumed throughout the day, reported in real time, captures short-term diet

43
Q

What things would you ask for a food record

A

type of food and drink, portion size, eating ocations

44
Q

Food records data utility

A

provide insight into behaviours such as: meal patterns, snacking habits, contextual factors….. They also capture the total amount of each specific food and beverage consumed……. Data can be translated into: nutrient intakes, different food groups

45
Q

Strengths of Food Records

A

Captures real time information, easy and inexpensive to collect

46
Q

Limitations to Food Records

A

can change eating behaviours, error estimating portion sizes, expensive and time consuming, misreporting, too long

47
Q

What is 24- hour recalls

A

Reports food and drink from the previous day, captures comprehensive information of items consumed, captures current short-term diet

48
Q

24- hour recalls data utility

A

provides contextual information such as: time, location, activity……Detailed information on foods and beverages consumed on a given day…… Data can be translated into nutrient intake and different food groups

49
Q

Strengths of 24- hour recalls

A

inexpensive to implement, comprehensive, convenient, will not change individuals behaviour if recalls are unannounced

50
Q

Limitations of 24- hour recall

A

Time commitment, relies on memory, misreporting, not feasible for certain populations (low income, no internet, non-english/ french speakers

51
Q

What are FFQs

A

Participants report food and beverages consumed over a period of time

52
Q

What do FFQs measure

A

frequency and portion

53
Q

FFQ Data Utility

A

total diet and nutrient intakes are possible but difficult, frequency of intake

54
Q

FFQ Strengths

A

captures long-term intakes, doesn’t impact one’s dietary behaviours

55
Q

Limitations to FFQs

A

Relies on leng-term memory, may not cover all foods for total diet, doesn’t provide contextual information

56
Q

What are screeners?

A

Similar to FFQs but focus on a limited number of foods and beverages in the past month or year

57
Q

Screeners Data Utility

A

Can only examine particular aspects of diet but not dietary intake, nutrient intakes and food groups amount possible but difficult

58
Q

Strengths of FFQs

A

good for food items that are not widespread through different food sources and mixed dishes, less time consuming, inexpensive to implement, doesn’t impact behaviour

59
Q

Limitations of FFQs

A

can’t estimate total diet, relies on long-term memory, doesn’t give contextual information, difficult to compare due to variations, the use of mental math

60
Q

How do you pick a measure?

A

What is your research question? What do you need to measure? What is your target population? What is your budget? What are some logistical considerations of your study?

61
Q

What are imaged-base dietary assessments (IBDAs)

A

Uses food photography recording as the primary dietary record to assess food type and portion size

62
Q

Strengths of IBDAs

A

minimize recall bias, rapid and easy collection of food intake data, no mental calculations required

63
Q

Limitations of IBDAs

A

Reduced accessibility, inconvenient , lack of large-scale validation studies in different population

NUTR 3070 (1 decks)

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