QUIZ 1 Flashcards
Chapters 1-3
True or False? Essential nutrients are those that the body cannot manufacture, and the absence of essential nutrients can cause deficiency diseases.
True
What are Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?
The amount of a particular nutrient that most healthy people in a similar life-stage and sex will need to decrease the risk of chronic disease.
What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR):
The amount of a nutrient required to meet basic requirements for half of the people in a particular population.
What is Adequate Intake (AI)?
The amount of a nutrient that most people in a group or population consume.
*This is helpful when there is not enough data to establish an RDA for a nutrient.
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)?
The upper limit on the amount of a particular nutrient or the maximum an individual should consume.
What are Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)?
The recommended percentages of intake for energy-yielding nutrients (carbohydrates, fat, protein)
All carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of…
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
What is the AMDR for carbohydrates?
45-65% of calories
Name 3 types of carbohydrates? Define and give examples.
- Monosaccharides: simple carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and galactose)
- Disaccharides: simple carbohydrates (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
- Polysaccharides: complex carbohydrates (starch, fiber, and glycogen)
Digestion occurs mainly in…
the small intestine
Fiber is also a carbohydrate. True or false?
True
Total fiber AI is what?
25 g/day for females and 38 g/day for males.
Types of proteins
Complete proteins - from animal sources and soy
Incomplete proteins - generally from plant sources
*Complementary Proteins - incomplete proteins that, when combined, provide a complete protein
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8g/kg or 10-35% of total calories
List and define the three categories of Fats.
- Triglycerides - Total 95% of fat in food. They combine with glycerol to supply energy to the body, allow fat-soluble vitamin transport, and form adipose tissue that protects internal organs
- Phospholipids - important to cell membrane structure, as well as the transport of fat-soluble substances across the cell membrane.
- Sterols - found in the tissues of animals, and are not an essential nutrient because the liver is able to produce enough to meet needs.
Name the two types of Triglycerides
- Saturated fatty acids - solid at room temperature and are found primarily in animal sources.
- Unsaturated fatty acids (including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids) - usually from plant sources and help reduce health risks.
The AMDR for fats is …
- 20% to 35% of total calories
- 10% or less of total calories should come from saturated fat sources.
What do vitamins do? Name the two classes of vitamins.
*The main function of vitamins is to be a catalyst for metabolic functions and chemical reactions
- Water-soluble: Vitamins C and B-complex
- Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Sodium (Na)
Major Actions: Maintains fluid volume, allows muscle contractions, contributes to nerve impulses
Major Sources: Table salt, added salts, processed foods
Findings of Deficiency: Muscle cramping, memory loss, anorexia
Findings of Excess: Fluid retention, hypertension, disorientation
Nursing Actions: Monitor level of consciousness, edema, and blood pressure.
Potassium (K)
Major Actions: Maintains fluid volume inside cells, muscle action
Major Sources: Oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy products, meats, whole grains, potato
Findings of Deficiency: Dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion
Findings of Excess: Dysrhythmia, muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, numbness in extremities
Nursing Actions: Monitor cardiac status and ECG. Give oral preparations (tabs, elixirs) with meals to minimize GI irritation.
Chloride (Cl)
Major Actions: Assists with intracellular and extracellular fluid balance and aids acid-based balance and digestion
Major Sources: Table salt, added salts, processed foods
Findings of Deficiency: Rare; muscle cramps, anorexia
Findings of Excess: Vomiting
Nursing Actions: Monitor sodium levels.
Calcium (Ca)
Major Actions: Bones/teeth formation, blood pressure, blood clotting, nerve transmission
Major Sources: Dairy, broccoli, kale, fortified grains
Findings of Deficiency: Tetany, positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs, ECG changes, osteoporosis in adults, poor growth in children
Findings of Excess: Constipation, renal stones, lethargy, depressed deep-tendon reflexes
Nursing Actions: Monitor ECG and respiratory status. Give PO tabs with vitamin D.
Magnesium (Mg)
Major Actions: Bone formation, catalyst for many enzyme reactions, nerve/muscle function, smooth muscle relaxation
Major Sources: Green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, tuna, halibut, chocolate
Findings of Deficiency: Weakness, dysrhythmias, convulsions, increased blood pressure, anorexia
Findings of Excess: Diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, lethargy
Nursing Actions: Follow seizure precautions, and monitor level of consciousness and vital signs.
Phosphorus (P)
Major Actions: Energy transfer of RNA/DNA, acid-base balance, bone and teeth formation
Major Sources: Dairy, peas, meat, eggs, legumes
Findings of Deficiency: Unknown
Findings of Excess: Decreased blood calcium levels
Nursing Actions: Evaluate the use of antacids (note type) and the use of alcohol (alcohol impairs absorption).
Sulfur (S)
Major Actions: A component of vitamin structure, by-product of protein metabolism
Major Sources: Proteins
Findings of Deficiency: Only seen in severe protein malnourishment
Findings of Excess: Toxicity does not result in any health issues
Nursing Actions: Sulfur levels are not usually monitored.
What is Basal metabolic rate (BMR) ?
also called basal energy expenditure (BEE) refers to the amount of energy used in 24 hr for involuntary activities of the body
What is Resting metabolic rate (RMR)?
also called resting energy expenditure (REE), refers to the calories needed for involuntary activities of the body at rest.
List the medications the increase and decrease BMR
*Increase BMR
Epinephrine
Levothyroxine
Ephedrine sulfate
*Decrease BMR
Opioids
Muscle relaxants
Barbiturates
Define Nitrogen balance
Nitrogen balance refers to the difference between the daily intake and excretion of nitrogen
Define Positive nitrogen balance
indicates that the intake of nitrogen exceeds excretion.
Define Negative nitrogen balance
indicates that the excretion of nitrogen exceeds intake.
Refer to the water-soluble vitamins table
Do you understand? :)
Refer to fat-soluble vitamins table
Do you understand? :)
