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Biomechanics > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

biology is the study of…

A

living things

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2
Q

mechanics is the study of…

A

motions and the applied loads that cause them

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3
Q

biomechanics is thus defined as the study of…

A

the motions experienced by living things in response to applied loads

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4
Q

da Vinci was interested in…

A

human flight (he studied how birds fly), an early example of mankind attempting to base the design of engineered systems on nature’s way of doing the same thing

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5
Q

mankind attempting to base the design of engineered systems on nature’s way of doing the same thing is called…

A

bionics

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6
Q

Galileo was interested in…

A

bone strength, and how the structure of bones contributes to their strength

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7
Q

Galileo (mistakenly) proposed that bones could be _________, which would improve the strength-to-weight ratio

A

hollow

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8
Q

Julius Wolff put forth the idea (and eventually the Law) of…

A

form follows function

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9
Q

following Wolff’s ideas, Wilhelm Roux put forth the concept of…

A

a quantitative self-regulating mechanism that results in functional adaptation of living things

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10
Q

list some reasons the 1960s were big for biomechanics

A

development of the computer, space race necessitating research into how bodies would react in space, advancement of numerical methods like FEM, birth of modern biology following identification of protein and DNA structures in the 50s

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11
Q

compared to classical physics, modern physics enables important diagnostic tools such as…

A

CAT scans and MRI

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12
Q

statistical mechanics attempt to describe the ________ behavior of the ___________

A

statistical (mean), individual molecules

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13
Q

continuum mechanics consider a _______________ behavior that is independent of the _________________

A

volume-averaged mean, individual molecules

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14
Q

the continuum assumption is reasonable when characteristic length of the microstructure / characteristic length of the physical problem of interest is (&laquo_space;or&raquo_space;) 1

A

&laquo_space;1 (basically, when the scale of the overall problem is way bigger than the scale of the individual particles)

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15
Q

“cell,” a term coined by ______, comes from the Latin cellulea, meaning ____________

A

coined by Hook, meaning “little rooms” (that’s so cute)

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16
Q

primary function of the nucleus is…

A

to archive and replicate genetic code as needed to direct cellular activity

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17
Q

all cells in a given organism contain the same ____________, but do not all ________ the same genes

A

genotype, express

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18
Q

the genes which are expressed determine a cell’s…

A

phenotype

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19
Q

the mitochondria…

A

provides a cell with energy by oxidizing foodstuffs to make ATP

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20
Q

the rough ER…

A

synthesizes proteins

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21
Q

ribosomes…

A

carry RNA

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22
Q

the smooth ER…

A

packages proteins and synthesizes lipids and steroids

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23
Q

the Golgi apparatus…

A

synthesizes polysaccharides and modifies, packages, and transports various macromolecules

24
Q

lysosomes, with an internal pH of 5, …

A

digest proteins, carbs, and fats with enzymes like nucleases, proteases, and lipases

25
Q

peroxisomes…

A

generate and degrade hydrogen peroxide (a cytotoxin) and assist in detoxifying other compounds

26
Q

the cytoplasm includes…

A

all organelles other than the nucleus, the cytoskeleton, and the cytosol

27
Q

the cytosol is about ______ of the total cell volume and consists primarily of _______

A

1/2, water

28
Q

the cytoskeleton is made up of three classes of filamentous proteins that collectively give the cell much of its internal structure. list the three types of proteins

A

actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (vimentin, lamins, and keratins)

29
Q

what is the additional intracellular constituent present in striated muscle?

A

the myofibril

30
Q

myofibrils are made up of…

A

sarcomeres

31
Q

sarcomeres consist of…

A

thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments that attach, detach, and reattach to each other to produce muscle contraction

32
Q

integrins are transmembrane proteins that bind to other proteins - they consist of…

A

two noncovalently associated glycoproteins, called alpha and beta units

33
Q

what are the three types of cell interconnections?

A

occluding (or tight), anchoring, and communicating (or gap)

34
Q

what do growth factors do?

A

GFs are special proteins that bind to specific receptors on the membrane and encourage cell division

35
Q

common classes of growth factors are…

A

platelet-derived (PDGFs), fibroblast (FGFs), and transforming (TGFs)

36
Q

____________ and __________ can increase the secretion of growth factors

A

mechanical stresses and injuries

37
Q

the ECM consists primarily of…

A

proteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and bound and unbound water

38
Q

GAGs are often bound to…

A

protein cores, forming proteoglycans

39
Q

_________ is the most abundant protein in the body (25-30%)

A

collagen

40
Q

collagen types I and III…

A

form fibers and provide structural support in tension, abundant in ligaments, tendons, and bones

41
Q

collagen type II…

A

occurs as fibrils, found largely in cartilage

42
Q

collagen type IV…

A

forms as a porous network (basement membrane) that acts as a scaffold for epithelial and endothelial cells, has extensive disulfide bonds

43
Q

collagen types V and VI…

A

associate with smooth muscle cells

44
Q

collagen type VIII…

A

associates with endothelial cells

45
Q

the collagen molecule consists of…

A

3 polypeptide alpha chains, organized into a central triple-helix motif repeating AA residues (G-X-Y)

46
Q

what type of cells synthesize type IV collagen?

A

endothelial

47
Q

what type of cells synthesize types I and III collagen?

A

fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

48
Q

the degree of cross-linking (increases/decreases) with age, resulting in…

A

increases, resulting in stiffening

49
Q

the primary responsibility of fibroblasts is…

A

regulation of the collagen-rich ECM

50
Q

cells that can change their gene expression in response to mechanical stimuli are called…

A

mechanocytes

51
Q

what two junctions connect cells to the ECM?

A

hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

52
Q

what two junctions connect cells to cells?

A

desmosomes and adherent junctions

53
Q

ligaments attach…

A

bone to bone (guides movement)

54
Q

tendons attach..

A

bone to muscle (transmits force)

55
Q

the most common type of cartilage is…

A

hyaline (lots of bound water)

Biomechanics (1 decks)

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