Quiz #1

Question 1

Types of Laxatives

Answer 1

– Bulk-forming
– Emollient/Lubricant
– Hyperosmotic/Saline
– Stimulant

Question 2

3 main mechanisms of laxatives

Answer 2

– Alter stool consistency
– Increase stool movement
– Increase defecation

Question 3

Metamucil Dosing

Answer 3

• 2.5–7.5 g/dose po 1–3 times daily

- Maximum 30 g/day

Question 4

Bulk-forming Agents

Answer 4

• Psyllium
• Polycarbophil
• Methylcellulose

Question 5

Hyperosmotic Agents

Answer 5

• Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
• Lactulose
• Glycerin
• Sorbitol

Question 6

Lax-A-Day Dosing

Answer 6

17g po once daily (in 250mL of fluid)

Question 7

Lactulose Dosing

Answer 7

15-30mL po once or twice daily

Question 8

Saline Laxatives

Answer 8

• MgOH (Milk of magnesia)
• Mg citrate
• Sodium phosphate (Fleet)

Question 9

Milk of Magnesia Dosing

Answer 9

15–30 mL po once or twice daily

Question 10

Stimulant Laxatives

Answer 10

• Sennosides
• Cascara
• Bisacodyl

Question 11

Sennosides Dosing

Answer 11

8.6-48 mg po qHS

Question 12

Bisacodyl Dosing

Answer 12

• tabs: 5-15mg po once

- supp: 10mg pr once

Question 13

Emollient Laxatives

Answer 13

Docusate (100mg po BID)

Question 14

Lubricant Laxatives

Answer 14

Mineral oil (15-45 mL po qHS or 120 mL pr once)

Question 15

Diarrhea: Acute vs. Persistent vs. Chronic

Answer 15

Acute: < 14 days
Persistent: > 14 days
Chronic: > 30 days in duration or repeated episodes of diarrhea lasting less than 14 days each

Question 16

Bristol Stool Chart - Types 1,2

Answer 16

Constipation

Question 17

Bristol Stool Chart - Types 3,4

Answer 17

Normal

Question 18

Bristol Stool Chart - Types 5,6,7

Answer 18

Diarrhea

Question 19

Diarrhea: Most common causes

Answer 19

• Bacterial infections
• Viral infections
• Food toxins

Question 20

Diarrhea: Bacterial Infections

Answer 20

• Campylobacter jejuni
• E. coli
• Salmonella
• Shigella

Question 21

Diarrhea: Viral Infections

Answer 21

• Rotavirus - severe diarrhea in infants and children

- Norwalk-like virus - milder diarrhea in older children and adults

Question 22

Drugs that cause Diarrhea

Answer 22

• Laxatives (lactulose, sennosides)
• Antacids (magnesium salts)
• Antibiotics
• Hypoglycemic agents (acarbose, metformin)

Question 23

Dehydration: Children

Answer 23

◦ Dry mouth, tongue, skin
◦ Few or no tears
◦ Decreased urination
    > less than 4 wet diapers in 24 h 
◦ Decreased skin turgor
    > pinched skin flattens slowly 
◦ Irritability, listlessness

Question 24

ORT

Answer 24

Oral Rehydration Therapy

• replace fluid and electrolytes
• Utilizes the sodium/glucose-coupled absorption mechanism in the small intestine
• IV fluids required in severe cases
• e.g. gastrolyte, pedialyte
• • Do not use pop, tea with sugar, or fruit juices