quiz 1 Flashcards
Identify ways a veterinarian might evaluate a herd differently than an individual animal
Group: pen riding, walk through, respiratory disease scoring system, evaluate diet, locomotion scoring system, fecal scoring system
- evaluated in their environment
- vet goes to them
Individual: PE, TPR, evaluate diet, evaluate nails/hooves, evaluate urine/feces
List ways a producer can promote herd health
- have a strong relationship w/ the vet (prior to when you actually need them)
- develop a herd plan
- utilize vaccination programs
- provide high quality nutrition
- know their animals & evaluate daily
- be able to recognize when something is off in the animal
- pursue diagnostics to make sure it’s not something that can impact the entire pop
- treat illnesses appropriately
- biosecurity
- maintain records
- animal ID
Name records that are beneficial to the veterinarian and producer
breeding records
- type of breeding, return to estrus, breeding date
birthing records
- # born, ease of delivery, vigor
weight records
- birth, weaning, yearling, market, breeding
Identify how records can be used by a veterinarian
can be used to identify changes both pos & neg
- changes in feed consumption, milk production, respiratory scoring
- pos changes show increased performance & more money
- neg changes need to be followed & a root cause determined; results in performance loss, disease, & financial loss
Discuss the objectives of herd health
- elevate: care, well-being, performance, management
- minimize: disease (subclinical), productivity losses
Compare the differences between proactive vs. reactive strategies in relation to herd health and individual medicine
proactive: preventative measures; vaccinations, environment, health, biosecurity
reactive: react to the disease, antibiotics, treatment of symptoms (fluid therapy, restoration of electrolytes), depopulation
Describe the aims of veterinary surveillance
maintenance of high standards of animal health & welfare & protect public health
Discuss differences of antigen versus antibody surveillance
antigen: if there’s a high amount of antigens in the serum, it can be indicator of infection
antibody: high antibody conc in serum can indicate pre-exposure, vaccinated, recent exposure
Recognize management practices of principles of control of infectious disease. Define
prevention, control and eradication
- prevention
- excluding clinical disease or infection from an unaffected pop
- protecting a pop from clinical disease in an infected area by vaccination or other means - control
- efforts directed to reducing the freq of existing disease to biologically and/or economically justifiable levels - eradication
- eliminating a specific pathogens & therefore disease from a herd or defined area
Define chemotherapy
treating a disease using chemical substances
Recognize different treatment modalities and discuss why one route of administration may be chosen over another (e.g. in water, drench, topical, injection, feed)
population size
amount of time it takes
labor
cost
stress
condition or ability of the animals like unwilling to eat or drink
explain the principles of eradication
complete elimination of the causative agent
- usually by treatment or removal & disposal of the infected animal(s) from the herd
- no additional cases can occur unless externally introduced
- specific immunization or treatment are no longer needed
what’s infectious disease control
inability to eradicate many infectious disease completely results in control or living with the disease
reduce both prevalence of existing infections & the incidence of new infections
effectively reducing the morbidity & mortality rates for clinical disease
what are the principles of control
- reduce infection pressure & prevent new infections
- reduce risk factors that may increase susceptibility (ex: breeding)
- using chemotherapeutics & cull infected animals that don’t respond to reduce prevalence
- vaccinations
- monitoring the herd
- use genetic selection for resistance to disease
describe biosecurity
procedures used to protect humans & animals against harmful pathogens
- quarantining incoming animals
- cleaning & disinfecting
- sole sourcing
- shower in & out
- all-in all-out
define all-in all-out
completely emptying the animals out of a room or building, and then cleaning & disinfecting before introducing a new batch of animals
- keeps animals in groups
- reduces disease transmission
- improves management
describe sentinel surveillance, sentinel health events, & serological surveillance
something that acts as an indicator for an infectious agent
sentinel health events: occurrence of clinical disease or mortality in a healthy animal placed in area to determine if an infectious agent is present
serological surveillance: ID of patterns of current & past infections using serology tests
recall how milk is sold off of farms (what unit?)
100 lbs = 1 unit
recall what portion of the proceeds from a gallon of milk belongs to the farmer
very little or they’re actually losing money
list specific things veterinarians do on dairy farms to help accomplish the two overarching goals of a dairy practitioner
See individual animals like most veterinarians
- Pregnancy diagnosis
- Sick animal care (diagnosis and treatment)
- surgical procedures
Work on herd health and performance
recall the most common surgery performed by most dairy veterinarians
LDA
Recall what country is No. 1 in pork production
China
Identify where the U.S. ranks in world pork production
3
Recognize major factors that impact swine health and productivity
Genetics
Farm management
Disease prevention
Nutrition: 50-75% of cost production is related to nutrition.
Environment: temperature (hot, don’t eat as well, don’t breed as well), ventilation, sanitation
Define and compare/contrast continuous-flow production system vs. all-in-all-out production system
Continuous-flow: pigs move as individuals, not as closely matched age groups. Never totally emptied facility because they are constantly moving through it.
AIAO: keeps pigs together in groups. Never mix with different groups.
describe farrow to finish
sows breed, conceive, gestate, & farrow at a central site
weaned pigs are fed to market weight and sold for slaughter
ownership of pigs is maintained by the producer until delivery to slaughter facility/packer
describe farrow to wean
sows breed, conceive, gestate, & farrow at a central site
at weaning, pigs are sold or raised at a site separate from the sow farm
sows return to the breeding facility or are culled
describe wean to finish
pigs acquired at weaning, approx 3 weeks of age
fed to market weight & slaughtered
pigs maintained in the same facility from 3 weeks of age to 26 weeks of age
what are genetic suppliers
corporate farms/facilities that supply breeding stock and semen to commercial farms
define niche production
breeds considered to have a high meat quality due to higher carcass fat content
how are sows used in research for biomedical
used as animal models of human disease
how are sows used for exhibition & show
based on perpetuating genetics for exhibition or show
not consistent with genetics for commercial production
define biosecurity
disease prevention tactic
recall the ideal # of pigs born per sow per year (how many times per year do sows farrow)
26-30 pigs/sow/year (born live 12-14 pigs/sow) (85%)
sows farrow 2.5 times per year
recall the ideal # of days required for pigs to reach a market weight (average slaughter weight) of 280 lbs
180 days or less
recall the #1 cause of pre-weaning mortality in piglets
laid on or stepped on
define feed efficiency
pound of feed per every pound of gain
list health services swine vets can deliver to clients
regular herd visits & slaughter checks
Recall the phases of production & the average age of pigs in each phase of production: nursery, grower/finisher, breeding, gestation, farrowing
nursey: 7-8 weeks
grower/finisher: 16-26 weeks old
breeding: can be bred/exposed to boar at 150 days of age; need to be 300-325 lbs, so it could take longer
gestation: 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days (115 days)
recall the weaning age of piglets
about 3 weeks old
define the terms of gilt, sow, & boar
gilt: female pig that has not farrowed yet
sow: female pig that has already farrowed at least once
boar: intact male
list the procedures done when processing nursing piglets
administer iron, cut needle teeth, cut tails, castrate males, administer antibiotics
describe seedstock: bulls, semen/AI
a subset of the cow-calf sector; purebred animals & replacements; bulls from seedstock = MVP in genetic improvement
lack hybrid vigor but contribute to it w/in herds
more rigorous health screening and more investment
describe cow-calf industry
replacement heifers; provide setter calves & heifer calves
foundation to beef industry
cows maintained year-round to produce calves in a variety of environments & conditions
product is a calf
describe a stocker/backgrounder
prep the cows for success
buy low, sell high
increase weight, train to bunk/water, get ready for feedlot
describe feedlot
gain more weight
>90% corn diet (very high energy)
describe a packer
products
slaughter & make meat products
female cattle who have yet to give birth
heifer
has had at least one calf
cow
a young female that has had only one calf
first-calf heifers
intact male cattle
bull
castrated male cattle
steer
Which state has the most cattle
Texas
What’s significant about the cow-calf industry in Indiana?
it’s not the producer’s primary source of income
what’s the average herd size in the US of the cow-calf sector
<50 heads
what’s the average length of an ideal calving season in beef in cow-calf sector
65 day season
benefits of a short breeding season/short calving season vs calving in the dairy industry
uniform calf crop
concentrates labor
easier application of technology
improved management
benefits of a spring calving season
growing pastures in teh summer to feed on to maintain BCS
calf performance is much better
traditional
weather is nice
marketing
ideal age for heifers to have their first calf
24 months old at 85% of mature weight & a BCS of 6
name the term when a beef cow delivers a calf
name the term when a dairy cow delivers a calf
beef = calving
diary = freshening
recall the age when beef calves are most commonly weaned
6-7 months old
recognize the roles of the vet in beef industry
help producers reach their unique goals
look for way sot prevent problems rather than to manage problems
define feeder cattle
weaned calves ~6-10 months old that are typically fed a higher-energy diet to be finished out
define fed/fat/finished cattle
cattle ready to leave a feedlot for slaughter
define cull cow
generally female cattle that are no longer needed as part of a herd
sent for processing or rendering
what is a preconditioned calf
castrated, dehorned, dewormed, ID placed, all timed correctly with weaning to minimize stress
recognize common stressors to a beef calf; what’s the biggest stressor?
weaning is the biggest stressor; separation from mothers & moving to a new environment
temp, transportation, sickness, handling, overcrowded housing, poor comfort
name the disease that is the most concern to the beef calf
bovine respiratory disease
recognize the keys to profit in the cow-calf sector (i.e. goals of cow-calf sector)
Decrease feed cost. Increase weaning %. Increase or keep pregnancy rate the same. Decrease unit cost of production. Produce more pounds of calf to sell.
recognize the keys to profit (and goals) of the backgrounder/stocker
Buy low, sell high. Decrease morbidity, mortality, and cost of gain. Increase weight, age, and quality of cattle. Balance seasonal production of cattle, forage, and grain. Utilize available forage
recognize the keys to profit (and goals) of the feedlot.
Rapid growth and high efficiency. Produce nutritious, great-tasting beef for consumers. High carcass weight with quality grade. Decrease cost of gain and maintain health. Avoid discounts at slaughter if possible.
list the characteristics of cattle that make them “high risk” vs “low risk” (consider supply or sources of cattle)
High-risk (exposed): generally, put-together cattle (from small farms, 1+ auction markets). Commingling increases exposure to pathogens and adds stress. Many may be sick upon arrival.
High-risk (not exposed): direct source (ranch of special source), usually purchased in truckload lots.
Low-risk: Preconditioned: castrated and healed, dehorned and healed, vaccinated, weaned at least 30 days, bunk broke. May receive a premium at the sale barn.
recognize which US states have the majority of feedlots
Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, Iowa, Colorado
how many companies control >80% of fed cattle slaughter capacity
4
