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Wildlife Behavior > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A technique in which the observer records an individual’s current activity at a preselected moment in time.

A

Instantaneous sampling

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2
Q

An individual whose niche is substantially narrower than its population’s niche

A

Individual specialist

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3
Q

Employed to explain the HOW something works or how it developed

A

Proximate questions (causal / developmental)

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4
Q

A patch where the most preferred cue is present but the habitat quality is low (can become a population sink)

A

Ecological trap

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5
Q

Movement of animals over a large distance to find better conditions in a given season

A

Migration

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6
Q

Measures the proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic variance

A

Heritability analysis

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7
Q

Female birds place their eggs in the nest of other individuals

A

Brood parsitism

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8
Q

The observable properties of an organism

A

Phenotype

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9
Q

Present at birth and do not require learning; results from the nervous system.

A

Innate behaviors

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10
Q

A way of measuring heritability by examining the role of environment variance

A

Parent-offspring regression

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11
Q

The application of animal behavior to solve wildlife conservation problems.

A

Conservation behavior

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12
Q

The sociobiological notion that genes are the units upon which natural selection acts

A

“Selfish gene” approach

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13
Q

The process by which population density has an effect on the per capita rate of population change.

A

Density dependence

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14
Q

Any change in genetic structure

A

Mutation

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15
Q

Management plans are modified based on the results of well-designed experiments that collect data on factors or variables that are demonstrably important

A

Active adaptive management

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16
Q

Based on sex allocation theory; in species where male quality is essential for mating, females in good body condition can allocate more energy into producing males.

A

Sex ratio manipulation

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17
Q

Individuals that are dominant occupy the highest-quality patches first, then as the resources become scarcer, dominant individuals force subordinate to occupy patches of lower quality

A

Ideal despotic distribution

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18
Q

Particularly suitable for studying small-spatial-scale decisions, whereas translocation experiments are appropriate for larger spatial scale decision

A

Playback experiments

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19
Q

The tendency for individuals to move towards a predator to gain various types of information

A

Predator inspection

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20
Q

Two copies of an allele are necessary for the expression of the trait

A

Recessive

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21
Q

If there is high winter mortality because of starvation or hypothermia, the population entering the breeding season will be smaller than the summer carrying capacity, can lead to negative relationship between abundance and habitat quality

A

Winter-regulated population

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22
Q

Provide a way to investigate the responses that emerge from various decisions individuals make in response to the environmental variability

A

Individual-based models (IBMs)

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23
Q

A gene variant; one of two or more alternative forms of a gene.

A

Allele

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24
Q

Grew out of ethology - researchers examine the ecological bases of animal behavior focusing on the behavior’s cost and benefits

A

Behavioral ecology

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25
Q

Instantaneous sampling done on groups of individuals

A

Scan sampling

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26
Q

The response of an organism to stimulus; whenever an organism is engaged in an activity - voluntary or involuntary

A

Behavior

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27
Q

The “rules” that animals follow

A

Behavioral mechanisms

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28
Q

Biologists use historical data or data from uncontrolled experiments to come up with “best guess” management.

A

Passive adaptive mangement

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29
Q

A patch where habitat quality is high but the preferred cues are absent or the less preferred cue is present.

A

Undervalued resource

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30
Q

An animal is captured in one location, marked, and moved to another location; the time is takes to get back to the origin is measured.

A

Temporary translocation

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31
Q

A change in the frequencies of alleles of a population over time.

A

Evolution

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32
Q

The movement between two successive breeding areas or social groups

A

Breeding dispersal

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33
Q

Occurs when an animal learns NOT to respond to some stimulus

A

Habituation

34
Q

Individual’s have two copies of each gene, such genes remain distinct entities and they segregate fairly during the formation of eggs or sperm

A

Mendel’s 1st law

35
Q

The study of animal behavior in natural environments, seeking to determine the proximate and ultimate bases of behavior

A

Ethology

36
Q

A measure of the magnitude of an effect (the importance of a particular relationship)

A

Effect size

37
Q

Any sampling method in which all occurrences of a specified inter(action) of an individual or specified group are recorded during each sample period.

A

Focal animal sampling

38
Q

Such records are the result of unconscious sampling decisions, often with the observer recording “as much as he can” or whatever is most readily observed

A

Ad libitum sampling

39
Q

The use of behavioral assays to identify toxic chemicals

A

Ethotoxicology

40
Q

The focus of observation is an interaction sequence rather than a particular individual.

A

Sequence sampling

41
Q

An instructive behavioral reflex; performed perfectly the first time and generally run through to completion.

A

Fixed reaction pattern (FAP)

42
Q

Combines the results of previously published studies to provide an overall effect size of a particular treatment

A

Meta-analysis

43
Q

Mating between relatives; higher risk of retaining harmful alleles

A

Inbreeding

44
Q

When pairs of chromosomes line up during cell division, sections of one may “cross over” and swap positions with sections of the other.

A

Genetic recombination

45
Q

Allows for fast and more accurate estimates of habitat quality, based on the performance of other individuals of the same or different species

A

Public information

46
Q

Which genes the individual possesses

A

Genotype

47
Q

If there is little winter mortality, population abundance will be higher than the carrying capacity the following breeding season, generating a surplus of individuals that may not be able to reproduce because of lack of territory

A

Summer-regulated population

48
Q

Predicts a proportional distribution of individuals between patches

A

Ideal Free Distribution (IFD)

49
Q

Individuals are attracted to members of other species

A

Heterospecific attraction

50
Q

More than one gene is responsible for the expression of some behavior

A

Polygenic

51
Q

Offspring remain at their natal area and share the home range or territory with their parents

A

Natal philopatry

52
Q

The distance from which a particular landscape element can be perceived

A

Perceptual range

53
Q

Swimming together in a group

A

Shoaling

54
Q

The change in an individual’s reproductive success associated with what behavior the individual displays

A

Fitness

55
Q

The movement between the natal area or social group and the area or social group where breeding takes place.

A

Natal dispersal

56
Q

Entails visiting several areas, revisiting some, and then choosing the areas judged to be the highest quality

A

Comparison

57
Q

The general phenomenon whereby an animal’s experience in its natal habitat induces a preference for a post-dispersal habitat with similar qualities

A

Natal habitat preference induction (NHPI)

58
Q

Originally developed for studying spontaneous behavior in children; samples whether a behavior occurs at least once or not at all.

A

One-zero sampling

59
Q

The quality of the cue in the ecological trap is enhanced over the source habitat; more animals will be likely to setting in the trap than the source.

A

Severe trap

60
Q

A common measure of effect size; the larger it is, the stronger the effect

A

Correlation coefficient (r)

61
Q

Found in a variety of reptiles; a difference in temperature influences the sex of the offspring.

A

Temperature-dependent sex determination

62
Q

The extent to which a combination of landscape elements enhances or limits the movement between habitat patches

A

Functional connectivity

63
Q

The process of humans choosing certain varieties of an organism over others by implementing breeding programs that favor one variety over another

A

Artificial selection

64
Q

The external stimulus the triggers the FAP motor response.

A

Sign stimulus

65
Q

Assuming that fitness decreases with population density, this model allows us to infer empirically patterns of population regulation based on density estimates between habitats that are qualitatively and/or quantitatively different and adjacent.

A

Isodar model

66
Q

A way to measure effect size when comparing the responses of two treatments or of two groups

A

d-score

67
Q

Occurs through everyday activities without an obvious, immediate reward.

A

Latent learning

68
Q

hypotheses about evolution that are created using morphological, behavioral, and/or molecular traits

A

Phylogenies

69
Q

Animals arrive at a location, decide whether to accept or reject it as a place to live, and in the even that they reject it, continue their search

A

Sequential search

70
Q

Occurs when variations of a trait that best suit an individual to its environment, and are heritable, increase in frequency over evolutionary time.

A

Natural selection

71
Q

Traits associated with the highest relative fitness in a given environment

A

Adaptations

72
Q

A means of measuring heritability by finding a selection differential

A

Truncation selection experiment

73
Q

Movement of animals over a small to medium distance to establish home ranges

A

Dispersal

74
Q

Employed to explain WHY we see the diversity of behavior

A

Ultimate questions (evolutionary/current adaptive utility)

75
Q

Made after a cue that was added makes both source and ecological trap look the same; animals are expected to settle equally in both habitats

A

Equal-preference trap

76
Q

The formal study of non-human behavior

A

Animal behavior

77
Q

The application of scientific principles to conserve and manage wildlife populations.

A

Wildlife management

78
Q

Individuals are attracted to conspecifics and elect to settling in areas near them

A

Conspecific attraction

79
Q

A single copy of the allele is all that is necessary for that trait to be expressed

A

Dominant

80
Q

Occurs when some mental connection occurs following the presentation of stimuli

A

Associative learning

81
Q

Combines principles of ecology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and other theoretically based disciplines to the maintenance of biodiversity.

A

Conservation biology

Wildlife Behavior (1 decks)

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