Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Osi( open systems interconnection) Model
A
Applications
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
** Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away***
2
Q
Physical layer
A
Physical structure: Coax, Fiber, Wireless, Hubs,
- media, signal, binary transmission
3
Q
Data link layer
A
- Data Link: Frames, PPP, Switch, Bridge
How devices communicate - physical addressing
Mac
LLC
4
Q
Network layer
A
Network: Packets; IP, ICMP, IPSec, IGMP
Path determination and logical addressing
(IP)
5
Q
Transport layer
A
Transport: End-to-End connections; TCP, UDP
Interhost communication and reliability
6
Q
Session layer
A
Session: Synch & send to port; API’s, Sockets, WinSockets
- interhost communication
7
Q
Presentation layer
A
Presentation: Syntax layer; SSL, SSH, IMAP, FTP, MPEG, JPEG
-Data representation and encryption
8
Q
Application layer
A
Application: End User Layer; HTTP, FTP, IRC, SSH, DNS
- network process to application
9
Q
Hubs/ repeaters
A
Regenerates signals over long distances
10
Q
IP model ( internet protocol)
A
Application
Transport
Internet
Link
11
Q
Link layer
A
LLC and MAC sublayer functions,
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), IEEE 802.3 and IEEE
- communication over Ethernet
12
Q
Internet layer
A
Traffic routing, traffic control, fragmentation, and logical addressing. Common protocols include IP, ICMP and IGMP
- packets too big, into smaller fragments
13
Q
Transport layer
A
•acknowledgement, traffic control, session multiplexing, error detection and correction (resends), and message reordering.
-Common protocols include the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and
14
Q
TCP- transport control protocol
A
Resends packets and checks what info is needed
15
Q
Udp- user datagram protocol
A
Sends packets but no checks. Faster .
16
Q
Application layer
A
Common protocols include Named Pipes, NetBIOS,
MIME, TLS, SSL, FTP, DNS, HTTP, SMTP and many others
17
Q
Who are the organizations that shape networking?
A
- ARIN: American Registry of Internet Numbers.
- IANA: Internet Assigned Number Authority
- ICANN: Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers 4. IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
- InterNIC: Internet Domain Name Registration Services
18
Q
What’s Organizations over sees the following organizations for IP address allocation for IPv4 and IPv6 as well Autonomous Numbers: Reverse DNS, is also managed by this organization.?
A
• AFINIC, serving Africa
• APNIC, serving the Asia Pacific.
• ARIN, serving Canada, the United States, and many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands.
• LACNIC, serving Latin America and the Caribbean.
• RIPE NNC, serving Europe, the Middle East and parts of Central Asia.
19
Q
• InterNIC: Internet Domain Name Registration Services
A
This organization over see all of domain registrants world wide.
20
Q
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
A
WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
• 802 LAN/MAN architecture, internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs and
other wide area networks, 802 Security, 802 overall network management, and protocol layers above the MAC & LLC layers.
-Govern how things communicate over local area network, Ethernet components, 802.11 wireless communication
21
Q
IETF Internet Standards
A
• Here you can lookup TCP, UDP DNS, SMTP, TELNET, SSH, HTTP, TLS, SSL, OSPF, BGP to review the standard
22
Q
Network media types
A
-Wired media: IEEE 802.2 & 802.3 standards •
-Optical media: Optical Transport Networks
• Wireless media: 802.11
23
Q
wired network media standard.
A
• IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 define the wired network media standard.
24
Q
IEEE 802.2
A
IEEE 802.2 defines the Logical Link Control (LLC). An example of a network bridge from Ethernet to wireless.
25
Ethernet media is bridged via 802.2 to 802.11 wireless media.
IEEE 802.3
26
802.2 LLC
• Basically, think of the 802.2 as the "translator" for the Data Link Layer. 802.2 i—concerned with managing traffic over the physical network.
-It is responsible for flow and error control.
The Data Link Layer wants to send some data over the network, 802.2 Logical Link Control helps make this possible. It also helps by identifying the line protocol, like NetBIOS, or Netware.
27
• IEEE 802.3
the wired network media standard.
28
10Base-T
This defines a 10 Megabits per second (Mbps) data rate.
29
100Base-T:
This defines a 100 Megabits (Mbps) per second data rate.
• 1
30
1000Base-T
This defines a 1 Gigabits per (Gbps) second data rate
31
10GBase-CX4:l
This defines a 10 Gigabits (Gbps) per second data rate
32
A question should be asked at this point with respect to how can a 10 Mbps media communicate with a 10 Gbps media stream?
This is where bridging and interface buffers aid in the translation and buffering. The larger the buffers aids in less retransmissions of packets
33
• A standard 802.3 Ethernet frame is)
• A standard 802.3 Ethernet frame is 1518 Octets/Bytes or 12144 bits. For a 802.3 with 802.1Q (VLAN)
- is useful for packet capture analysis with respect to Ethernet frames.
34
• 802.1Q defines
• VLANs (Virtual Area Networks), Spanning-tree for network management with respect to Ethernet network loops.
• VLAN Q-Tagging can be found in the Ethernet frame
35
Field
a field is defined in the frame to identify a VLAN. There can be a maximum of 4096 VLANs in each Ethernet network segment.
36
• ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) standards
• Optical standards and data rates
• OTU2: 10-Gigabit Ethernet
• OTU2f: 10-Gigabit fiber channel • OTU3: 40-Gigabit Ethernet
• OTU4: 100-Gigabit Ethernet
37
• 802.2 networks
Logical Link Control is used to connect to Ethernet networks
38
• IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac
• IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac media networks communicate at the following radio frequencies and connection rates:
• 802.11b
802.11a
39
802.11b
802.11b uses 2.4 GHz radio to communication and a connection maximum rate of 11Mbps. This used a modulation of Direct- Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) to achieve the connection rates of 1, 2, 5.5,11 Mbps. This standard was ratified in 199
40
• 802.11a
uses 5 GHz radio to communication and a connection maximum rate of 54Mbps. This used a Orthogonal frequency- division multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve the connection rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 54 Mbps. This standard was ratifie
41
• 802.11g
• 802.11g uses 2.4 GHz radio to communication and a connection maximum rate of 54 Mbps. This used a Orthogonal frequency- division multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve the connection rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 54 Mbps. This is backwards compatible with 802.11b. This standard was ratified in 2003.
• 802.11n uses 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio to commu
42
• 802.11n
• 802.11n uses 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio to communication and a connection maximum rate of 54 Mbps in a 1x1 MIMO stream. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) using multiple- input/multiple-output (MIMO) and channel bonding (CB)
43
802.11n
802.11n can achieve a maximum connection rate of 450 Mbps with a 3x3 MIMO and a 40MHz channel width instead of a 20MHz channel width
44
• 802.11ac
• 802.11ac can only be used in a 5GHz radio to communication and a connection maximum rate of 1.73 Gbps in a 2x2 MIMO and a 160MHz channel width.
45
• IEEE 802.1X
• IEEE 802.1X for securing wireless media networks
-Packet sent secured encrypted
46
• 802.1x
generally used to secure wired & wireless networks
47
• 802.1x WiFi supports security protocols
• 802.1x WiFi supports security protocols such as:
• WPA (WiFi Protected Access) & WPA2
• TKIP and AES are used for encryption
• Protected (EAP) Extensible Authentication Protocol
48
Personal area network(PAN)
Personal Area Networking
A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network organized around an individual person within a single building. This could be inside a small office or residence. A typical PAN would include one or more computers, telephones, peripheral devices, video game consoles and other personal entertainment devices.
• An example of Personal Area Network is your home internet connection where you installed a wireless router.
49
Local area network (LAN)
ocal Area Network (WAN) / Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A local area network, or LAN, consists of a computer network at a single site, typically an individual office building. A LAN is very useful for sharing resources, such as computers, data storage, printers, video conferencing, IoT, building management, support wireless networks.
• A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an entire country or the entire world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, LANs. The internet is the best example of a public WAN.
50
Demilitarized zone -DMZ
Introduction to Secure Networking :
DMZ {demilitarized zone}
a DMZ or demilitarized zone (sometimes referred to as a perimeter network or screened subnet) is a physical or logical subnetwork that contains and exposes an organization's external-facing services to an untrusted network, usually a larger network such as the Internet. The purpose of a DMZ is to add an additional layer of security to an organization's local area network (LAN): an external network node can access only what is exposed in the DMZ, while the rest of the organization's network is firewalled. The DMZ functions as a small, isolated network positioned between the Internet and the private network and, if its design is effective, allows the organization extra time to detect and address breaches before they would further penetrate into the internal networks.
51
Enclaves
Enclaves
• A Network Enclave is a section of an internal network that is subdivided from the rest of the network. The purpose of a network enclave is to limit internal access to a portion of a network. It is necessary when the set of resources differs from those of the general network surroundings.
• Essentially these are typically not routed networks and stand alon
52
Virtual local area networks (vlan)
Virtual Local Area Networks {IEEE 802.1Q}
• A virtual LAN (VLAN) is any broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in a computer network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2).
-LAN is the abbreviation for local area network and in this context virtual refers to a physical object recreated and altered by additional logic.
-VLANs work by applying tags to network packets and handling these tags in networking systems – creating the appearance and functionality of network traffic that is physically on a single network but acts as if it is split between separate networks. In this way, VLANs can keep network applications separate despite being connected to the same physical network.
•virtualized subnets on a virtual switch
- allows access to different people
-
53
Network address translation( NAT)
Network Address Translation {NAT}
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. The technique was originally used as a shortcut to avoid the need to readdress every host when a network was moved. It has become a popular and essential tool in conserving global address space in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. One Internet-routable IP address of a NAT gateway can be used for an entire private network.
• http://packetlife.net/media/library/32/NAT.pdf
54
Subnetting
Subnetting, Supernetting
• A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.
• A supernetwork, or supernet, is an Internet Protocol (IP) network that is formed, for routing purposes, from the combination of two or more networks (or subnets) into a larger network. The new routing prefix for the combined network represents the constituent networks in a single routing table entry. The process of forming a supernet is called supernetting, prefix aggregation, route aggregation, or route summarization.
55
The Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.
-Speaks to the server on the internet
- helps packets move
56
TTL
How long packets travels on the internet before it expires
57
Internet protocol addressing
Internet Protocol Addressing
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.
58
TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP.
-TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets (bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network. Major internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration, and file transfer rely on TCP
-Ie three way handshake
-server sends data- if still missing it will resend
59
User datagram protocol (udp)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Prior communications are
60
Internet control message protocol (icmp)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP differs from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is not typically used to exchange data between systems, nor is it regularly employed by end-user network applications (with the exception of some diagnostic tools like ping and traceroute).
61
IPv4 protocol number 17 is what type of protocol? What are some common application uses for this protocol?
Udp- send packets without checking
62
IPv4 protocol number 17 is what type of protocol? What are some common application uses for this protocol?
TCP- sends packets and checks
63
• IPv4 protocol number 1 is what type of protocol? What are some common application uses for this protocol?
Icmp- error reporting protocol . Packets sent with errors? Used by routers.
64
TTL-
Time to live
How long a packet travels on the internet before it expires.
65
NAT
Keeps ip4 alive today. Ip4 addresses are depleted
66
This top level organization over sees the following organizations for IP address allocation for IPv4 and IPv6 as well Autonomous numbers
ARIN
67
Media access control layer
Provide regulated access to network medium . Burnt into the ROM. How network gains access to data and permission to transmit it
68
Link logic control layer (LLC)
Flow control and error checking
