Quiz 1 Flashcards
Is ligin digestible?
NO
What is the most important nutrient?
water
horses need calcium to phosphorus ratio
2:1
what is the hay analysis for horses
15 CP , 35 ADF , 45 NDF
within 1 month of age, foals are introduced to
feed (grain)
too much starch in the diet causes
acidosis (low pH)
what is cortisol ?
stress hormone
what does the hindgut consists of?
large colon, small colon, cecum
where is the cecum?
right side
how many times does the cecum empty
once every 2-3mins
mineral oil is not digested
true
where is fat located in cell
walls of plants/grass/plants
horses do not have a high
fat requirement
what organ do horses not have?
gailbladder
because horses do not have a gallbladder they do not store what?
bile
horses should be encouraged to drink what at all times?
water
horses need a very small amount of _____ or it can kill them
selenium
starch breakdown does not start in the
mouth
horses salvia does not contain much
amylase
when temp goes from hot to cold, horses will drink
less water
horse meat is
sweet due to the horse storing glycogen in the muscle
what does the foregut contain
stomach & small instestine
horses are able to eat wheat that is not
fully developed (no seed head)
horses are what type of nonruminant
herbivore
hindgut fermentation =
post gastric fermentation
post gastric fermentation means
after the stomach
what are spread throughout the whole digestive tract
microbes
where is fiber digested?
hindgut
continuous grazers (trickle feeders) are
horses eat small amounts frequently
how many hours will horses graze a day?
14 -16 hrs
what percent of the day are horses grazing ?
64%
how many teeth do female horses have?
36 (does not include wolf teeth)
how many teeth do males horses have?
40 (does not include wolf teeth)
How many wolf teeth do horses have?
1-4
Horses k-9 teeth are used for what?
fighting
teeth do what ____ & ___ to food
harvest & masticate
when the upper jaw is wider than lower jaw what will happen
uneven wear and sharp points on molars
sharp points on upper and lower jaw
Upper jaw: points on outside
Lower jaw :points on inside
parrot mouth is an
overbite
with parrot mouth, which tooth continues to grow
high crown tooth
feed is mixed with saliva to facilitate what?
chewing and deglutition
What are the 3 glands that produce saliva
parotid, submaxillary, sublingual
Submaxillary saliva gland is the
mandibular glands
sublingual saliva gland is
under the tongue
how many lbs of saliva do horses produce a day
85lbs per day, 10-12 liters/day or up to 40 liters
what is the average amount of chews does a grazing horse
60,000x a day
the number of chews will dictate what?
when/how much saliva will be produced
two main functions of saliva
lubrication for swallowing
buffering of stomach acids
hay diets will require more what?
saliva
buffering of stomach acids does what
helps control pH level (making it less acidic or increasing pH)
what happens to horses that chew less
they are more likely to have ulcers
how long is the esophagus
50-60 in (smaller than cows)
horses cannot what?
vomit
the strong cardiac sphincter valve is a
very strong muscle
the peristalsis is responsible for
motility
cecotropes
tightly bunched feces produced by the cecum
the stomach takes up what percent of the digestive system
10%
the small intestine takes up what percent of the digestive system
30%
the cecum takes up what percent of the digestive system
15%
the large and small colon take up what percent of the digestive system
45%
the stomach has the percent of capacity of the GIT
8-10%, can also stretch
the stomach produces mostly what?
HCl
what other things does the stomach produce
pepsin (protein) & lipase (lipid breakdown)
what does the stomach do even if it is empty?
secrete HCl
What does the bacteria in the stomach produce?
lactic acid and VFAs
How much time does it take the stomach to empty
15 min to 24 hours
foods that have a high density do what in the stomach?
stay longer
horses consume forage at least
every 6 hrs
the stomach is mostly empty after
6 hrs
all fibrous materials will pass in
12 hrs
horses should not go more than how many hrs in between meals
12 hrs
What absorbs gastric acids and helps prevent acid from reaching non glandular regions
saliva
how many gallons of juices go from the pancreas/liver to the dejum?
20 gallons
What is produced tp protect the stomach
mucous
food enters into which region
non glandular region
food leaves which region
glandular region
where do ulcers most commonly form
non glandular region
what is the margo plicatus
separates the glandular and non glandular sections of the stomach
what is the pylorus
band of muscle that is almost always open or relaxed
the non glandular region does not secrete
true
Where is HCl produced
lower glandular region
pH is lower in which region
lower glandular region
small intestine is how many ft long
70 ft or 30% of GIT
what is the major organ of digestion
small intestine
nutrients are absorbed into the
blood stream and taken to whatever cells need them
how many minutes does it take for food to pass through SI
30-60 min
what are the two types of digestion
enzymatic and fermentation
what is the cecum
blind sac 4 ft long
what do microbes do?
break down fibrous feed
how long does feed remain in cecum
7 hrs
horses cannot digest fiber.. the what digests the fiber?
microbes
how long is the colon (small & large)
10-12 ft
how long does the food stay in the colon
48-65 hrs
the colon is a major site of
water absorption resulting in fecal ball formation
what monitors and modifies the GIT function ( brain of the gut)
enteric nervous system
how many Mcals are in 1lb of hay
1 Mcals
end products of hindgut fermentation
VFAs, acetate, propionate
VFAs, acetate, propionate contribute to
25% of the energy supply
