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CPC Study > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When the quality of detail in a fingerprint is good, a _________ quantity of features is required to make an identification. When the quality of detail in a fingerprint is low, a _____________ quantity of features is required to make an identification. When the quality is low there will also be a __________ level of tolerance for discrepancies tolerance for discrepancies

A

Smaller
Larger
Higher

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2
Q

The primary ridges are located on the underside of the epidermis, located directly below the friction ridges.
T or f

A

True

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3
Q

5 layers of the Epidermis

A

Horney
Hyalin
Granular
Spinous
Basel

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4
Q

List two specific features that would be considered 2nd level detail.

A

Bifurcations and ridge endings

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5
Q

Level 1 detail can be used to exclude a fingermark

A

True

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6
Q

List the three layers of skin.

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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7
Q

Who was the first to suggest the centers of disturbance of primate friction ridge formations represent the locations of the volar pads?

A

Wilder

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8
Q

Whose study of thin cross sections of fetal skin determined the timing and the development of primary and secondary ridges?

A

Hale

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9
Q

Regarding friction skin development, the time of differentiation occurs
between ____ weeks and ____ weeks. During this time _________ ridges begin to appear, and ___________ ridge development ceases in those areas.

A

15-17
secondary
Primary

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10
Q

List the three general fingerprint patterns according to SWGFAST.

A

Loop
Whorl
Arch

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11
Q

Deposition pressure will always be consistent throughout an impression.

A

False

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12
Q

Because incipient ridges are immature ridges, they cannot be used for comparsions

A

False

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13
Q

From the list below, select the items that would be considered red flags during fingermark analysis:

A

Extra thick ridges, Misaligned ridges, Angular joints,
Lines running through friction ridge detail.

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14
Q

Who described the evolution of the friction ridge skin of mammals, including that all mammals have the same arrangement of volar pads on the hands and feet?

A

Whipple

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15
Q

Who studied incipient ridges and determined they are primary ridges that did not fully develop?

A

Okajima

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16
Q

The ACE-V process is subjective or objective

A

Subjective

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17
Q

Give 2 examples of 3rd level detail:

A

ridge widths, alignment pores

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18
Q

Short ridges are often found in the delta

A

True

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19
Q

Cells are generated in the ____ layer of the epidermis and sloughed away from
the _____ layer.

A

Basel
Horney

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20
Q

On a partially decomposed body in which the epidermis has been sloughed away, the _______ could be used to make a positive identification, as they form rows on either side of the primary ridge in the dermis.

A

dermal papillae

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21
Q

The major or primary flexion creases are already established when friction ridges begin to grow

A

True

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the analysis phase of ACE-V

A

gathering objective information regarding the fingermark to determine if the impression is suitable for comparison by assessing if there is sufficient quantity and quality of detail
in the impression, while identifying any factors that may distort the appearance of the ridge detail.

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23
Q
  1. With GYRO, features in the fingermark that you are highly confident will be present in the reference print are marked with a xxx dot.
A

Green

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24
Q

__________ refers to the anticipated appearance of certain types of minutae in specific parts of a patterns ridge flow due to stresses placed on the developing friction skin in those locations

A

Pattern force

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25
Q

The ratio between ridge width and furrow width will indicate the amount of deposition pressure.

A

True

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26
Q

What are the four premises of fingermark identification?

A
  1. Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form before birth
  2. Friction ridges are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring
  3. The specific friction patterns and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique
    and never repeated
  4. Overall friction ridge patterns vary within limits which allow for classification
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27
Q

A comparison is completed by examining the unknown fingerprint and then the known fingerprint because it allows for an _________ comparison and
discourages __________.

A

Objective
Bias

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28
Q

What two questions must be answered to reach an opinion of identification?

A

Is there sufficient agreement in the friction ridge detail to identify?
Is there agreement of friction ridge detail between the unknown impression and the known sample?

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29
Q

In ACE-V tolerance can be described as a means of expressing the variation that is allowable between two impressions that originated from the same source

A

True

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30
Q

Whose extensive research on friction ridge skin showed volar pad regression occurs almost concurrently with the beginning of primary ridge development?

A

Cummins

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31
Q

Why is friction skin unique

A

Developmental noise

Random timing (2) – timing of the onset of primary ridge development in
conjunction with regression of the volar pads; timing of onset of secondary ridge
development (time of differentiation)

Random growth (2) – ridge thickness and thinness is random; path a ridge
takes is random, where a ridge starts and stops is random, ridge alignment is
random, pore locations and shapes are random, etc.
Random pressures (2) – pressures from size and shape of volar pads, pressure from
neighboring ridges, pressures in the womb, numerous genetic and physical pressures

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32
Q

When considering distortion of a fingermark, a ‘C’ shape or inverted ‘C’ shape is indicative of xxx of the digit when the mark was deposited

A

Twisting

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33
Q

Whose extensive research of fetal skin cross-sections showed the development of dermal papillae?

A

Alfred HALE

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34
Q

Who described the evolution of the friction ridge skin of mammals, including that all mammals have the same arrangement of volar pads on the hands and feet?

A

Inez WHIPPLE

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35
Q

Whose extensive research on friction ridge skin showed volar pad regression occurs almost concurrently with the beginning of primary ridge development?

A

Harold CUMMINGS

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36
Q

Whose study of thin cross=-sections of fetal skin determined the timing and the development of primary and secondary ridges?

A

Alfred HALE

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37
Q

Who was the first to suggest these centers of disturbance of primate friction ridge formations .represent the locations of the volar pads?

A

Harris HAWHORNE WILDER

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38
Q

Whose extensive research on friction ridge skin showed the size, location, growth, and configuration of the volar pads affect friction ridge development and the overall fingerprint pattern?

A

Harold CUMMINGS

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39
Q

Who is credited with being the first to recognize that although specific friction ridge arrangements may be similar, they are never duplicated?

A

JCA MAYOR

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40
Q

Who studied incipient ridges and determined they are primary ridges that did not fully develop?

A

Michio Okajima

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41
Q

Who observed that ridge patterns are affected by external forces and by pressure from neighboring ridges?

A

Inez WHIPPLE

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42
Q

What is Ridgeology?

A

“The study of the uniqueness of the friction skin and its use for personal identification”- David Ashbaugh

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43
Q

What are some Structural elements

A

Desmosomes, basement membrane, dermal papillae and sweat glands

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44
Q

2 types of skin:

A
  • smooth skin (hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands NO FRICTION RIDGES
  • Friction skin (volar skin)- May appear lighter, no sebaceous glands, completely covered with ridges (no voids)
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45
Q

What are Dermal Papillac?

A

Are in the Dermis and are “anchors/hooks” that secure the Epidermis. These are located in pockets between ridges in the dermis

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46
Q

What are the two important aspects to consider when attempting digit de-termination?

A

Patterns and Anatomical Considerations

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47
Q

In the Canadian fingerprint database, which is the most commonly found pattern?

A

Ulnar Loop

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48
Q

Which hand should be searched first when searching a “clockwise” whorl pattern?

A

Left

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49
Q

What are the indicators that a latent fingerprint was left by a thumb?

A

Size and shape of impression, a lower pattern area, impression is an edge or side, lone impression, position, tip ridges slope in an ulnar direction, lack of phalange detail

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50
Q

Why are finger marks that are adjacent to a latent fingerprint valuable in digit determination?

A

They can help establish position of digits. Also a small amount of detail in adjacent impressions can help determine overall ridge flow

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51
Q

What are some anatomical factors to consider when attempting digit de-termination?

A

How an item was handled, is it physically possible, the height of the impressions, do you just see edges of impressions, is phalange impression evidence visible

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52
Q

Examples of LEVEL 1 details

A

Pattern type, ridge flow- Can be used to exclude

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53
Q

Examples of LEVEL 2 details

A

Minutia and associated ridge paths and events. Biofications, ridge endings etc

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54
Q

Examples of LEVEL 3 details

A

Ridge width, edge shapes and pores (Adds weight to the identification)

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55
Q

4 PREMESIS *** IMPROTANT FOR EXAM****

A
  1. Friction ridges develop on the fetus before birth
  2. Friction ridges are persistent throughout life except for scaring
  3. Specific friction patterns and details in small areas of ridges are unique and never repeated.
  4. Patterns vary within limits which allow for classification
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56
Q

What is the Philosophy?

A

Agreement of ridge formations in sequence

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57
Q

What does ACE-V stand for?

A

Analyze
Compare
Evaluate
Verification

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58
Q

MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS TO ASSESS DURING ANALYSIS:

A
  1. Reproducibility
  2. Specificity
  3. Tolerances
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59
Q

7 Factors of the analysis phase:

A

1- Anatomical factors (How it was left and which digit)
2- Substrate
3- Matrix
4- Development Medium (powders chemicals)
5- Deposition Pressure (light, moderate or heavy)
6- Lateral Distortion (movement/smudges)
7- Clarity/Tolerance (higher the clarity, lower the tolerance for differences. Lower the clarity the higher tolerance for differences.

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60
Q

Substrate
Matrix

A

Surface
Whats on finger- Deposited substance (Sweat, sebaceous oils etc)

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61
Q

What is TOLERANCE

A

Higher the clarity, lower the tolerance for differences. Lower the clarity the higher tolerance for differences.

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62
Q

What is Tonal Reversal?

A

Can be caused by excessive pressure. Makes furrows appear black and ridges appear white

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63
Q

Two types of compression schemes

A
  • Lossy
  • Lossless
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64
Q

Pixel properties
Pixels have 3 properties

A
  1. Size
  2. Location
  3. Color value
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65
Q

Low quality
High tolerance

A

Low quality
High tolerance

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66
Q

High quality
Low tolerance

A

High quality
Low tolerance

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67
Q

What is feature weighting?

A

When evaluating the friction ridge detail, “specificity” “specificity” (rarity) of the
features needs to be taken into consideration

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68
Q

The Locard tripartite
rule 1914

A

If more than 12 concurring minutiae are present 12 concurring minutiae are present and the fingerprint is very clear,
then the certainty of identity is beyond debate debate.
2. If 8 to 12 concurring minutiae are found, then 8 to 12 concurring minutiae are found, then identification is marginal and certainty
of identity is dependent on:
1. the quality (clarity) of the fingerprint,
2. the rarity of the minutiae type,
3. the presence of a core and delta in a clear area
4. the print,
5. the presence of pores, and
6. the perfect agreement of the width of the ridges
7. and furrows, the direction of the ridge flow, and the
8. angular value of the bifurcation bifurcation.
3. If a limited number of characteristic features are present, the fingerprint cannot
provide certainty for an identification , but only a presumption proportional to the
number of points available and their clarity.

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69
Q

Is ACE-V subjective or objective?

A

Subjective

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70
Q

Objectivity

A

is what you can see and explain as a result of your analysis

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71
Q

Subjectivity

A

is a personal decision based on your knowledge, training and
experience.

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72
Q

3 possible conclusions of a comparison?

A

Identification
Exclusion
Inconclusive

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73
Q

Identification

A

Impressions originated from the same source.

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74
Q

The two functions of assessing clarity:

A

Dictates the level of detail (level 1, 2, 3) available for comparison

Dictates the level of Tolerance for differences the level of Tolerance for differences

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75
Q

Filters colour pattern that allows its own colour only to pass through. The other colors do not pass

A

Bayer Pattern

76
Q

Authority to do administration as needed as a peace office

A

Section 25(1) (b) Criminal Code

77
Q

Types of Powders

A
  • Regular
  • Fluorescent
  • Magnetic
78
Q

4 purposes of powders

A
  • to make impressions visible
  • Contrast
  • Easy photography
  • Lifting
79
Q

3 types of impressions:

A

Latent
Visible
Molded

80
Q

Factors to consider for development

A
  • Presence of foreign material
  • Type of substrate (non-porous)
  • Probable age (age cannot be determined by
    appearance)
  • Monetary or sentimental value
  • Portability
81
Q

Factors to consider for longevity of impressions

A
  • Atmospheric conditions
  • Substrate
  • Composition of matrix
  • Amount of matrix
  • Contamination
82
Q

Purpose of powders

A
  • To make the latent impressions visible
  • To create contrast with the
    background
  • To enable the impressions to be
    photographed
  • To enable the impressions to be lifted
83
Q

Novice error rate

A

55.18%

84
Q

2 types of Bias

A

Contextual
- Suspect in custody
- Known suspect

Confirmation
- Know another qualified fingerprint experts analysis

85
Q

Who Studied Bias in forensic science

A

Itiel E. Dror

86
Q

Why is aperture priority the preferred camera mode for forensic photography?

A

This mode controls shutter speed.
This mode controls ISO.
This mode controls flash.
This mode better controls depth of field

87
Q

We enhance a digital image of impression evidence, in order to improve
_____________________

A

Contrast

88
Q

What are the three factors of the exposure triangle?

A

Shutter Speed
Aperture
ISO

89
Q

In addition to the circle around the impressions, name three things that should be included in the markings of a latent fingerprint, prior to photographing.

A

R#
Date
Initials
Occ #

90
Q

Latent, visible, and molded are the three types of fingerprints that can be found at a crime scene.

A

True

91
Q

Research by Tangen et al (Tangen JM, Thompson MB, McCarthy DJ. Identifying Fingerprint Expertise. Psychol. Sci. 2011;22:995-7), clearly demonstrated that expert far outperform novices in fingermark comparisons.

A

True

92
Q

Selecting the RED channel of an RBG image in Photoshop will darken any red in the digital image.

A

False

93
Q

The error rate of 4.2% calculated in the Miami-Dade black box study is accurate. (Pacheco, I.; Cerchiai, B.; Stoiloff, S. Miami-Dade Research Study for the Reliability of the ACE-V Process: Accuracy and Precision in Latent Fingerprint Examinations; NCJRS Doc. No. 248534, Dec, 2014.)

A

False

94
Q

List two enhancement techniques used in Photoshop to enhance a fingerprint. (Use one word or the least number of words possible to describe the technique)

A

Levels
Greyscale

95
Q

What are the three properties of a pixel?

A

Colour
Size
Location

96
Q

Applying powder after lifting a fingeprint impression can be an effective method of removing some substrate contamination, removing excess powder, and may provide a better impression than the first lift.

A

True

97
Q

There are ______ million possible colours with an 8 bit image.

A

16.7

98
Q

Which researcher is known for studying bias in forensic science?

A

Itiel Dror

99
Q

The calculated error rate in the FBI/Noblis black box study (Ulery, B. T.; Hicklin, R. A.; Buscaglia, J.; Roberts, M. A. Accuracy and Reliability of Forensic Latent Fingerprint Decisions. PNAS 2011, 108 (19), 7733–7738) is:

A

.01

100
Q

Changing the aperture from f8 to f11 will double the volume of light.

A

False

101
Q

Why do we calibrate an image? (choose the correct response)

A

So we can print the image life-sized

102
Q

Resizing an image changes the number of total pixels in an image.

A

False

103
Q

Exhibits should be handled in the following manner:

A

carefully by the edges

104
Q

The process for the recognition of colours in a digital image is colour _______

A

interpolation.

105
Q

The compression of a JPEG file is considered:

A

Lossy

106
Q

The best location for the scale on a fingerprint impression is

A

longitudinal to the fingerprint

107
Q

When using powders, what are your responsibilities to ensure your health and safety as per WHMIS guidelines?

A

know the materials you are using (SDS)
be aware of the proper safty percautions (know how to protect yoursef)
use the proper personal protective equiptment (PPE).

108
Q

What is the role of channels in Photoshop, as it relates to the forensic photography of fingerprint impressions?

A

Increase Contrast

109
Q

What bit depth provides a continous tone?

A

8bit

110
Q

An image taken in RAW format cannot be changed or altered and then saved again in RAW format.

A

True

111
Q

Why is aperture priority the preferred camera mode for forensic photography?

A

This mode better controls depth of field

112
Q

We enhance a digital image of impression evidence, in order to improve

A

Contrast

113
Q

2 types of images

A

Raster- pixel based
Vector- mathematical formulas logos and icons

114
Q

Three Types of Evidence?

A
  1. Testimonial
    Evidence from witnesses, video, audio etc
  2. Documentary
    Cheques, documents, certificates, photographs etc
  3. Physical
    Fingerprints, footwear, tire impressions, physical match etc
115
Q

Locard’s Exchange Principle:

A

When any object or person comes
into contact with an object or
another person, a cross-transfer
of physical evidence occurs
Every contact leaves a trace

116
Q

Evidence Four responsibilities from time of collection until court:

A

1) Identify each piece of evidence
2) Describe exactly where it was found
3) Prove continuity
4) Describe the changes in the evidence
physical damage due to storage
spillage/evaporation
change in physical appearance

117
Q

Things to pay attention to at crime scene such as B&E

A

 Point of entry (POE)
 Path leading to point of entry
 Point of exit (POX)
 Path leading from point of exit
 Attempted entry points
 Other windows, flowerbeds, etc
 Sequence of events within building

118
Q

Good Sources for DNA

A

Blood
Saliva
Hair Root
Tooth Pulp
Bone Marrow
Skin cells/muscles
Semen
Nasal secretions

119
Q

2 things with LITTLE to NO DNA

A

Urine and Feces

120
Q

Photo Admissibility in court

A

Accurate representation of scene
* Proper perspective (free of distortion)
* Relevant
* Unbiased
* Are not there to influence one way or another
* No cropping
* Do not hide anything!!!

121
Q

Linkage

A

Links your photographs one to the other by using a
common object which is present between one
photograph and the one that follows it.

122
Q

3 ways to increase depth of field

A

Use a small aperture (ex. f32)
* Increase the camera to subject distance
* Use a shorter focal length (ex. 28 mm)

123
Q

2 Flash Techniques

A
  • Feathered flash
  • Bounce flash
124
Q

Techniques for reducing shadows include;

A

A black background (when appropriate) will help to reduce
shadows. RAISE THE OBJECT OFF THE SURFACE
* Use a light table
* Light diffusion can also reduce the harshness of any shadows

125
Q

What is the depth of field fractions

A

1/3 in front and 2/3 behind

126
Q

Areas to be swabbed during GSR swabbing?

A

Hands and Face

127
Q
  • Proper exposure and illumination
  • Sharp focus (depth of field)
  • Fill the frame for maximum resolution
A

3 important factors in fingerprint photography

128
Q

Fingerprint Photography Closeup. What must be included?

A

Close-Up (This is the developed fingerprint, scale, circle and
markings. The entire circle and all markings must be included in the
image)

129
Q

Studio Photography
will require the use of

A
  • copy stand
  • tripod.
  • Continuous lighting
  • electronic flash
  • Variovs scales
  • appropriate back grounds
  • light diffusing
130
Q

Daylight balanced light in lumens

A

5500 kelvins

131
Q

Flash techniques

A
  1. Feathered = hegps reduse an euminate distracting shadows
  2. Bounce
132
Q

Camera calibration

A
  • calibrated to record let grey
  • White = more light (+ 1)
  • Black = take it back (-1)
133
Q

Techniques for reducing shadows

A

” black background will help reduce the shadows raise object.
off the susface
-> use light table
-> light diffusion can don also reduce the hasshness of any Shadaus

134
Q

Tips for Reducing glare

A
  • light diffusion
  • tenting
  • proper angle of illumination
  • reduce the intensity of the light
135
Q

Grey card

A
  • Use of a grey card can provide proper exposare regardless of the coleur of the object or the beckground
136
Q

What is Macro photography

A
  • Close up
  • Usually life size lil - up to 1: 10
  • Small objects
  • details on a larger object
    1. requires the use of macro lens
    2. focal length of the lens dictates the working distance (the distance.
    between the lens + the object)
137
Q

Painting in light :

A

@ slow shuter speeds additional light using a
flash light, can be painted in areas of the object

138
Q

Use of reflector

A

when lighting is uneven consider using
a white material (white card or paper) to reflect light into the darker areas

139
Q

Depth if field macro photography

A
  • depth of field is greatly reduced
  • 50% in front 50% m behind object.
  • serechng appropriate depth of field is essential
  • use depen of field batten reben preview bulton to ensure everything will be in shary focus
140
Q

Tripods

A

Shutter speed is below
16o th of second
- footwear
- tire impressions
- Blood stains

141
Q

Night phtogrpahy

A
  • Synchronized flash @ the camera
  • flash i Slow sync
  • flash i rear sync
  • multiple flashes at the camer
  • multiple flashes away from the camera
142
Q

Night photography Recommendations

A
  • Use shulter release cable to control shulter
  • exposure mode set 1o manual
  • Shulter speed set to bulb.
  • choose appropriate aperture
  • manual Focus
143
Q

Flash techniques

A
  • Painting i light
  • Anxilirag lighting
  • Available light
144
Q

Based on the inverse square law, moving a light source 4 times further away from a subject will reduce the intensity of the light falling on that subject by a factor of:

A

16

145
Q

Name two types of flash photography that can be used to properly illuminate a scene at night.

A

Multiple Flashes at camera and Multiple away from camera

146
Q

When painting with light at night, your camera should be in manual mode.

A

T

147
Q

According to case law, photographic evidence must be fair and must not mislead.

A

T

148
Q

What are two flash techniques that can be used to photograph a bottle?

A

Bounce and Feather

149
Q

Based on the hand held rule for the prevention of motion blur, a focal length of 100mm should require a minimum shutter speed of:

A

1/100

150
Q

Indoor crime scene photographs should always be taken in vertical (portrait) mode.

A

F

151
Q

After a grey card reading is obtained you must not change the focal length of the lens.

A

F

152
Q

When swabbing for DNA, what is considered proper PPE to prevent cross-contamination?

A

Gloves and Mask

153
Q

Linkage is the process of taking a photograph of the scene from each of the four corners of the room.

A

F

154
Q

When using continuous lighting in studio photography name 2 techniques that can be used to reduce harsh shadows:

A

Light Table and black backdrop

155
Q

Changing the focal length does not change perspective.

A

T

156
Q

When taking a grey card reading the camera must be set on Manual shooting mode.

A

T

157
Q

What is the name of the forensic pioneer responsible for the principle that states: Whenever two objects come in contact, a transfer of material occurs.

A

Locard

158
Q

When using a grey card to calculate exposure, ensure that your camera mode is on
– please select –
. Once you obtain a reading you
– please select –
change the background colour and you
– please select –
move the camera up or down on the copy stand.

A

Manual
Can
Can

159
Q

Select 3 ways to increase depth of field.

A

Close down the aperture
Use a shorter focal length
Increase the camera to subject distance

160
Q

Provide 1 reason for removing the flash from the camera when photographing an exhibit in a crime scene.

A

Reduce glare

161
Q

Place the following steps in the order you should follow when processing a crime scene .

A

Speak with the investigator and/or homeowner.
Conduct a walk-through of the scene and determine a safe path.
Determine the path of evidence.
Photograph your crime scene as you found it.
Search for and locate evidence.
Photograph and properly document all evidence.

162
Q

What statement best describes a normal lens?

A

A lens that has a focal length that depicts the view as seen by the human eye.

163
Q

Of the options below, select the technique that is not a recommended method of reducing glare in studio photography.

A

Using a black background DOES NOT HELP

164
Q

What are the three types of crime scene photographs?

A

Overall
Midrange
Closeup

165
Q

Select the responsibilities that we have as Forensic Identification officers regarding evidence, from the time it is collected until it is produced in court.

A

Describe exactly where the evidence was found.
Prove continuity.
Describe any changes in the evidence
Identify each piece of evidence.

166
Q

What are the three types of evidence?

A

Testimonial, Documentary and Physical

167
Q

Two recommended types of lighting to be used in studio photography.

A

Continuous and flash

168
Q

In studio photography what is the main criteria for selecting a background?

A

Contrast

169
Q

When painting with light at night, your camera should be in manual mode.

A

T

170
Q

What are two flash techniques that can be used to photograph a bottle?

A

Feather, bounce

171
Q

Indoor crime scene photographs should always be taken in vertical (portrait) mode.

A

F

172
Q

When swabbing for DNA, what is considered proper PPE to prevent cross-contamination?

A

Gloves, Mask

173
Q

Linkage is the process of taking a photograph of the scene from each of the four corners of the room.

A

F

174
Q

R. v. Mohan, [1994] 2 S.C.R. 9
The test for admissibility of expert testimony:

A
  • Relevance
  • Necessity in assisting the trier of fact
    Necessity in assisting the trier of fact
  • The absence of any exclusionary rule
    The absence of any exclusionary rule
  • A property qualified expert (reliability of the opinion)
175
Q

R. v. Abbey, 2009 ONCA

A

Meet the 4 points from Mohan and also allow a gatekeeper phase where the court considers the cost benefit analysis

176
Q

The hallmarks required of every expert witness:

A

–Impartiality
–Independent
–Unbiased

177
Q

What is expert witness testimony?

A

Opinion

178
Q

What is a Cartridge?

A

Projectile (bullet)
Casing
Powder
Primer

179
Q

How do you determine the direction of travel through glass?

A

Cratering effect

180
Q

2 Types of footwear impressions

A

Transfer and Takeaway

181
Q

2 types of footwear matrix options

A

Wet-origin impressions and Dry Origin

182
Q

Difference between oblique and grazed lighting when searching for footwear

A

Grazed is along the surface. Oblique is up to 90 degrees

183
Q

Dental stone mixture amount

A

5:2 dental stone to water

184
Q

Palms- 3 Major Creases

A

Distal Transverse – Proximal Transverse – Thenar (Top, Middle and Bottom)

185
Q

3 palm areas

A

Interdigital
HypoThenar
Thenar

186
Q

Palm print photography- What photos are required?

A

The sequence for palm prints is the same as for fingerprints
* Overall
* Midrange
* Close up
* ACAP

187
Q

You may need to take several ACAP photos of different areas
of the palm print. What areas should be photographed individually with scales?

A
  • ACAP of thenar side
  • ACAP of hypothenar
  • ACAP of interdigital

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