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BIEN 210 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main theories that describe optical phenomena

A

EM, Geometric, physical, quantum

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2
Q

What are Maxwell’s Laws what do they mean

A

Gauss’s Law (1. electric charges, 2.magnetism) Faraday’s Law of induction, Ampere’s law
Maxwell’s equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields.Therefore, they describe how light is generated and how it propagates

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3
Q

What is Lorentz Force and what does it do

A

Force exerted on a charged particle moving in an electric and magnetic field, (includes electric and magnetic component), responsible for many phen. -> binding of e- in nuclei and intermolecular interactions

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4
Q

Gauss’s law of electric charges

A

electric fields are generated by single charges and diverge

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5
Q

Gauss’s law of magnetism

A

no “magnetic charge”; magnetic fields are generated by dipoles and not originate in a single point

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6
Q

Faraday’s law of induction

A

a spacially varying electric field is accompanied by a temporary varying magnetic field

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7
Q

Ampere’s law

A

magnetic fields can be generated in two ways: by elec currents and/or by changing electric fields

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8
Q

permeability

A

ability to support magnetic fields

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9
Q

permittivity

A

the capacitance (the ability of a system to store an electric charge) that is encountered when forming a electric field in a medium

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10
Q

Properties of light

A
  • Carries electric and magnetic field, interaction with electric charges
  • Frequency, wavelength, energy
  • Momentum
  • Polarization
  • Coherence
  • Interact with gravity
  • Photon-photon interactions
  • Obey bose-einstein statistics (photons = bosons (subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value), more than one photon can occupy a given state)
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11
Q

What does an EM wave consist of

A

rapidly varying electric and magnetic fields which propagate through space

Energy from light can only be imparted to objects in discrete units called PHOTONS

The amount of energy that a photon can impart is proportional to its frequency

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12
Q

Black body radiation

A

radiation emitted by all bodies due to temperature greater than 0 K

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13
Q

What makes lasers different than normal light sources?

A

Coherent light (in phase/ same phase dif), same wavelength (monochromatic), more E dep freq, polarized, directional

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14
Q

What are the main applications of lasers?

A

LASIK, printers, tattoo removal, laser pointer, Communications,
cutting materials, barcode
scanners

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15
Q

What are the main thermal effects that lead to energy loss

A

Convection, conduction, radiation

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16
Q

Novel dev in laser tech

A

miniaturization

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17
Q

Radiative decay

A

relaxation of excited state to the ground state with emission of radiation (EM radiation, photons)

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18
Q

How can light be emitted (3)

A

Heat sources. (fusion/combustion), luminescence (no heat), radioactivity

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19
Q

Chemiluminescence

A

Describes the emission of light that occurs from chemical reactions
that produce high amounts of energy lost in the form of photons.

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20
Q

Bioluminescence

A

Type of chemi-> Bioluminescent reactions are ATP-driven, and relate to a
certain molecule called Luciferin

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21
Q

Luminescence

A

no heat light emission (chemiluminescence -> bio + photoluminescence -> fluo and phosph)

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22
Q

Fluorescence + parameters

A

emission of light from an excited state created by absorption of light
Parameters: quantum yield, spectrum, lifetime, stokes shift

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23
Q

Rayleigh scattering

A

Elastic scattering on molecules/objects smaller than incident
wavelength

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24
Q

Mie scattering

A

Elastic scattering on molecules/objects similar to or larger than the
incident wavelength

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25
Q

Raman scattering

A

Inelastic scattering of photons by
matter, meaning that there is both
an exchange of energy and change
in the light’s direction
■ Inelastic: scattered photons have
different energy (usually lower) than
incident photons

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26
Q

Evolutionnary pressures for bioluminescence

A
  1. Survival
    a. Counterillumination camouflage, mimicry of other animals, for
    example to lure prey or escape predators.
  2. Reproduction
    a. Signaling to other individuals of the same species to attract mates
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27
Q

Applications of Chemiluminescence:

A

● Glowsticks
● Forensics
● Protein blotting
● Immunoassay
○ Detection and assay of biomolecules in systems such as ELISA
● Pharmacological
● Toxicological testing

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28
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

The emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons.
Photoemission can occur from any material, but it is most common in
metals and other conductors.

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29
Q

What is the difference
between chemiluminescence,
fluorescence, and
phosphorescence?

A

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence are based on ability of substance to
absorb light and emit light of a longer wavelength and lower energy. The
difference between these two is that phosphorescence lingers for a longer
period of time.
Chemiluminescence needs activation for chemical reaction (requires ATP in
the bioluminescent case)

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30
Q

Huygens principle

A

When light interacts with a material at
an interface, points of interaction will
be sources for new spherical waves.

These waves will then interact with
each other, creating a wave front

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31
Q

Fermat principle

A

Fermat’s Principle: Light travels between points along the path of shortest time, not the shortest
distance (bc refractive index changes speed)

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32
Q

Total internal reflection

A

complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium. The phenomenon occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain limiting angle, called the critical angle

33
Q

Pinhole use

A

spatial filtering
*control of the amount of light entering the system
*control of the Numerical Aperture (NA) of the imaging system
*control of the aberrations

34
Q

Brewster’s angle

A

Brewster’s angle is an angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface, with no reflection

35
Q

Types of light manipulation optical components

A

pinholes, irises
*mirrors
*beam splitters
*filters
*lenses (build a telescope with a certain magnification)
*prisms
*gratings
*polarizers
*wave plates
*fibers

36
Q

Types of filtres

A

*neutral density (ND) overall
*bandpass -> some part spectrum
*edge (long- or short-pass) -> long vs short wavelengths
*dichroic -> reflect color
*notch -> narrow bandpass
*diffusers -> softens light by scattering

37
Q

What is optical grating

A

diffraction grating is an optical
element that disperses light
composed of lots of different
wavelengths(e.g., white light)
into light components by
wavelength.

38
Q

What are metallic mirrors

A

Silver/alu mirrors which determine percentage of light of given wavelength that is reflected

39
Q

What are dielectric mirrors

A

mirrors made of layered materials which create interference (reflect a lot of a specific wavelength)

40
Q

What are prisms/uses

A

A prism works because the
different colors of light travel
at different speeds inside the
glass. They get bent by
different amounts and spread
out as they leave the prism.
● Used in spectrometers to
analyze spectral components
of light

41
Q

What is the pinhole effect

A

an optical concept which suggests that the smaller the pupil size, the less
defocus from spherical aberrations are present (only focused, clear images are seen)

42
Q

lenses types

A

biconvexe, plano convexe, positive meniscus, neg meniscus, plano concave, biconcave, fresnel, axicon, grin

43
Q

Lens Sign Conventions

A

●Focal length is + if lens is double convex (converging)
●Focal length is – if lens is double concave (diverging)

●Image distance is + if the image is real and located on the other side of the
lens
●Image distance is – if the image is virtual and located on the object’s side
of lens

●Image height is + if the image is upright (and therefore virtual)
●Image height is – if the image is inverted (and therefore real)

44
Q

Most common lenses

A

○ Double convex lenses, which are converging lenses that focus light

(image can be located on either side
of the lense, Virtual image can be upright or flipped, bigger or smaller)

○ Double concave lenses, which are diverging lenses that scatter light

(Image is located on object’s side of lense, virtual image for all (upright and reduced in size)

45
Q

Cephalopod Camouflage:

A

Contains three types of cells:
○ Chromatophores: these contain elastic
sacs of pigment, whose expansion and
contraction is controlled by muscles.
When the sac is expended, the colour
within it is more visible
○ Iridophores: stacks of cells that reflect
light at different wavelengths and
polarities
○ Leucophores: scatter the full spectrum of
light, allowing them to appear white

46
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of artificial photosynthesis

A

Advantages:
● Solar energy can be immediately converted and stored. In photovoltaic
cells, sunlight is converted into electricity and then converted again into
chemical energy for storage, with energy loss occurring with the second
conversion.
● The byproducts of APS are carbon-neutral
Disadvantages:
● Materials used for APS often corrode in water, may be less stable
● The cost is not advantageous enough to compete with fossil fuels as a
commercially viable source of energy

47
Q

Differences between light and dark cycle photosynthesis

A

Light reactions:
● Occur in light
● Reactants: H2O
● Products: ATP, NADPH
● Used to convert light energy to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH) for the

Calvin Benson cycle
Dark reactions (Calvin Benson Cycle):
● Occur without light
● Reactants: CO2, ATP, and NADPH
● Products: Sugars
● Used to create sugars using the chemical energy made in the light
reactions

48
Q

Numerical aperture

A

dimensionless number which
shows the range of angles over which a system can accept or emit light.

49
Q

Types of light interactions

A

Reflection, refraction, absorption, emission, scattering, interference

50
Q

Mean free path

A

The average distance over which a
moving particle travels before changing
its direction or energy (bc collisions with other particles)

Bigger = deeper imaging

Depends on n variations,
Size of scatterer, Wavelength (longer wavelength = bigger mfp)

51
Q

Transmittance

A

the measure of how much light from a light source is able to pass through a material to the other side.

52
Q

What eye structure is responsible for color vision

A

evenly distributed cones in the retina

53
Q

photoisomerization

A

When light is absorbed by retinal it transforms into an activated version of itself (light triggers change in photoreceptor molecular comfirmation)

54
Q

Phototransduction

A

process by which light detected by photoreceptor cells is converted to electrical impulses before these impulses are then sent to the brain.

result of memebrane depolarization + membrane proteins

55
Q

Types of photoreceptor cells in the eye

A

Rod photoreceptor cells handle light intensity detection

Cone photoreceptor cells handle colour vision

56
Q

Opsins

A

light-sensitive proteins found in photoreceptor cells -> eg retinol responsible for light absorption

57
Q

Types of intramolecular forces

A

Ionic, covalent + metallic

58
Q

Types of intermolecular forces

A

Van der Waals (dip-dip -> H-bonding, dip induced dip, london dispersion)

59
Q

What is self-assembly

A

process in which a disordered system of pre-existing components forms an organized structure or pattern as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external direction; i.e. spontaneously

60
Q

Cohesion vs adhesion

A

Capillary action occurs due to forces of cohesion (attractions within the molecules of the liquid) and adhesion (attractions between the molecules of the liquid and the surface)

61
Q

Lennard-Jones potential

A

Lennard-Jones potential describes the potential energy of interaction between two non-bonding atoms or molecules based on their distance of separation

consists of two parts: a steep repulsive term, and smoother attractive term, representing the London dispersion forces

sigma is the distance at which the intermolecular potential between the two particles is zero, and r is the distance of separation between both particles (from center)

62
Q

Factors affecting photosynthetic rate

A

Light intensity, water, temperature

63
Q

What are the necessary characteristics of renewable energy solutions

A

Distributed, available to all, low capex (simple enough engineering)

64
Q

Cephalopod Camouflage

A

● Contains three types of cells:
○ Chromatophores: these contain elastic
sacs of pigment, whose expansion and
contraction is controlled by muscles.
When the sac is expended, the colour
within it is more visible
○ Iridophores: stacks of cells that reflect
light at different wavelengths and
polarities
○ Leucophores: scatter the full spectrum of
light, allowing them to appear white

65
Q

Forces that drive self-assembly

A

Intra- and inter-molecular forces (mostly electrostatic in nature such as hydrogen bonds)
External forces such as electric and/or magnetic forces, flow, osmotic, gravitational
Combination of forces
Forces at interfaces (electrostatic or entropic) Other forces…

66
Q

What are superhydrophobic affects due to

A

The presence of micro and nano (hierarchical) structured patterns on a surface

67
Q

What is coffee ring effect and what is it useful for

A

Due to convection flow, particles from the center of the droplet move to the edges as particles from the edges are more rapidly evaporated. Surface tension is stronger than internal forces, so the surface stay the same longer than the distribution of particles inside the droplet.
This can be used to concentrate or separate particles

68
Q

Concepts in complex systems (terms)

A

Modules/nodes: Integrated units that can be combined in many ways

Networks: systems of connected nodes

Topology: way nodes are organized (hierarchical, scale-free*, Distributed)

Robustness: ability of system to produce same output despite external changes

69
Q

Hydrophobic regimes

A

Solid,
wenzel: Characterized by micro-structures into which the water
droplet embeds itself
cassie-baxter: Characterized by hierarchical nanostructures that the
water droplet “floats” above

70
Q

Types of ion channels in membrane

A

Resting K+ channel, voltage-sensitve, ligand-gated (neurotransmitter), mechanical, signal-gated (intracellular molecule)

71
Q

What can ion channels be used for

A

● Action potential: Voltage-sensitive channels in neurons and open and close in response to the voltage across the membrane.
● Neurotransmitters: Ligand-gated channels open and close in response to the binding of a ligand molecule.
● Sensory Neurons: Ion channels open and close in response to other stimuli, such as light, temperature or pressure.

72
Q

Membrane potential

A

electrochemical gradient caused by charged or polar molecules (-72 mV)

73
Q

Nerst potential

A

In a biological membrane, the reversal potential of an ion is the
membrane potential at which there is no net flow of that particular ion
from one side of the membrane to the other

74
Q

Doping

A

Introducing impurities to the intrinsic (pure) lattice structure (i.e.,
semiconductor group IV element) can change its electrical properties.

n-type group V materials such as arsenic or phosphorus are added in
small quantities (5 valence electrons_ one free electron can move across the lattice, creating electric current.

p-type group III materials such as boron or gallium are added.
3 valence electrons, one free hole after bonding with Si. This hole can move
across the lattice, creating electric current.

increases the conductivity of the semiconductors!

75
Q

Patch clamp technique

A

The dynamics of the ion channel can be studied using the patch clamp technique. This technique involves a glass micropipette which forms a tight gigaohm seal with the cell membrane. The micropipette contains a wire bathed in an electrolytic solution to conduct ions. To measure single ion channels, a “patch” of
membrane is pulled away from the cell after forming a gigaohm seal.

76
Q

Electrodiagnosis types

A

Electrocardiography
Electroencephalography (synchronized signals)
Electromyography. (muscles and muscle nerve cells)

77
Q

Connexons

A

connexon, also known as a connexin hemichannel is an assembly of six proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. This channel allows for bidirectional flow of ions and signaling molecules. (faster transmission without neurotransmitters)

78
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Schwann cells myelinate axons, potential can only travel at nodes of ranvier so appears to skip the myelinated regions on the axon

79
Q

Action potential

A

Depolarization (na come out), repolarization (K come out too), hyperpolarization (K come out a lot) and refractory period (pump Na. out K in)

BIEN 210 (2 decks)

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