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OS 213 Harrison’s Chapters > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do early cardiac progenitors arise from?

A

Crescent-shaped fields of lateral splanchnic mesodefm

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2
Q

Components of the linear heart tube

A

Single layer of endocardium and single layer of cardiomyocyte precursors

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3
Q

Why do some forms of congenital and adult heart diseases affect regions of the heart to varying degrees?

A

Due to different embryologic origins

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4
Q

Where do cardiac jellies accumulate?

A

Endocardial cushions

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5
Q

What secretes cardiac jellies?

A

Single layer of myocardial cells

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6
Q

What orchestrates the bilateral symmetry of aortic arch arteries?

A

Migrating neural crest cells from the dorsal tube

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7
Q

Smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of the aortic arch, ductus arteriosus, and the carotid arteries are derived form where?

A

Neural crests

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8
Q

Smooth muscle cells of the descending aorta are derived from where?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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9
Q

What vitamins are neural crests sensitive to?

A

Vitamin A and Folic acid

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10
Q

Cells important in coronary artery formation

A

Epicardial cells

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11
Q

Proepicardial cells are derived from this

A

Septum transversum

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12
Q

Upper body arteries : neural crest :: lower body arteries : ____

A

Neighboring mesodermal structures

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13
Q

Components of the trilaminar structure of arteries

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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14
Q

Vasculature of large arteries

A

Vasa vasorum

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15
Q

Endogenous substances produced by endothelial cells

A

Prostacyclin
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
Nitric oxide
Hydrogen peroxide

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16
Q

Example of vasoconstrictor produced by endothelial cells

A

Endothelin

17
Q

Functions of endothelial cells

A

Optimize balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Antithrombotic, profibrinolytic
Anti-inflammatory
Antiproliferative
Antioxidant
Permeselectivity

18
Q

What regulates the capacitance of venous tree and influences ventricular preload?

A

Venous tone

19
Q

What secretes bulk of vascular ECM?

A

Smooth muscle cells

20
Q

T/F. Vascular smooth muscle cells respond to vasomotor or inflammatory stimuli elaborated by other cell types, similar to endothelial cells.

A

False. They do not respond to other cells but themselves

21
Q

What causes smooth muscle contraction?

A

Rise in cytoplasmic calcium concentration due to transmembrane influx and triggered release from intracellular calcium stores

22
Q

What are calcium sparks

A

Local changes in intracellular calcium concentration

23
Q

What activates myosin light chain kinase?

A

Calcium

24
Q

What modulates vascular smooth muscle cells?

A

Autonomic nervous system and endothelial cells

25
Q

What are the principal neurotransmitters of sympathetic?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

26
Q

Principal neurotransmitter of parasympathetic

A

Acetylcholine

27
Q

Principal neurotransmitter of nonadrenergic/noncholinergic nitrergic subgroup

A

Nitric oxide

28
Q

Principal neurotransmitter of nonadrenergic/noncholinergic peptidergic subgroup

A

Substance P
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
ATP

29
Q

Receptors activated by norepinephrine

A

Alpha adrenergic receptors

30
Q

Receptors activated by epinephrine

A

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

31
Q

Alpha 1 : large arteries :: ___ : small arteries and arterioles

A

Alpha 2

32
Q

What type of beta receptors do most blood vessels express?

A

Beta 2

33
Q

What type of receptors does Ach bind to?

A

Muscarinic receptors

34
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Endothelial proliferation and tube formation

35
Q

What is true arteriogenesis?

A

Development of new blood vessel that includes all three cell layers

36
Q

T/F. True arteriogenesis does not occur in adult mammals.

A

True

37
Q

Principal determinant of the inotropic state of the heart

A

Intracytoplasmic [Ca2+]

OS 213 Harrison’s Chapters (1 decks)

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