Quiz 1 Flashcards
Where do early cardiac progenitors arise from?
Crescent-shaped fields of lateral splanchnic mesodefm
Components of the linear heart tube
Single layer of endocardium and single layer of cardiomyocyte precursors
Why do some forms of congenital and adult heart diseases affect regions of the heart to varying degrees?
Due to different embryologic origins
Where do cardiac jellies accumulate?
Endocardial cushions
What secretes cardiac jellies?
Single layer of myocardial cells
What orchestrates the bilateral symmetry of aortic arch arteries?
Migrating neural crest cells from the dorsal tube
Smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of the aortic arch, ductus arteriosus, and the carotid arteries are derived form where?
Neural crests
Smooth muscle cells of the descending aorta are derived from where?
Lateral plate mesoderm
What vitamins are neural crests sensitive to?
Vitamin A and Folic acid
Cells important in coronary artery formation
Epicardial cells
Proepicardial cells are derived from this
Septum transversum
Upper body arteries : neural crest :: lower body arteries : ____
Neighboring mesodermal structures
Components of the trilaminar structure of arteries
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
Vasculature of large arteries
Vasa vasorum
Endogenous substances produced by endothelial cells
Prostacyclin
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
Nitric oxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Example of vasoconstrictor produced by endothelial cells
Endothelin
Functions of endothelial cells
Optimize balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Antithrombotic, profibrinolytic
Anti-inflammatory
Antiproliferative
Antioxidant
Permeselectivity
What regulates the capacitance of venous tree and influences ventricular preload?
Venous tone
What secretes bulk of vascular ECM?
Smooth muscle cells
T/F. Vascular smooth muscle cells respond to vasomotor or inflammatory stimuli elaborated by other cell types, similar to endothelial cells.
False. They do not respond to other cells but themselves
What causes smooth muscle contraction?
Rise in cytoplasmic calcium concentration due to transmembrane influx and triggered release from intracellular calcium stores
What are calcium sparks
Local changes in intracellular calcium concentration
What activates myosin light chain kinase?
Calcium
What modulates vascular smooth muscle cells?
Autonomic nervous system and endothelial cells
What are the principal neurotransmitters of sympathetic?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Principal neurotransmitter of parasympathetic
Acetylcholine
Principal neurotransmitter of nonadrenergic/noncholinergic nitrergic subgroup
Nitric oxide
Principal neurotransmitter of nonadrenergic/noncholinergic peptidergic subgroup
Substance P
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
ATP
Receptors activated by norepinephrine
Alpha adrenergic receptors
Receptors activated by epinephrine
Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
Alpha 1 : large arteries :: ___ : small arteries and arterioles
Alpha 2
What type of beta receptors do most blood vessels express?
Beta 2
What type of receptors does Ach bind to?
Muscarinic receptors
What is angiogenesis?
Endothelial proliferation and tube formation
What is true arteriogenesis?
Development of new blood vessel that includes all three cell layers
T/F. True arteriogenesis does not occur in adult mammals.
True
Principal determinant of the inotropic state of the heart
Intracytoplasmic [Ca2+]
