Quiz 1 Flashcards
According to the CDC, how many children have as ASD?
1 in 44
Males are _____ more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than females.
4 times
Where does the CDC data come from?
11 states, children who are 8 years old only
rate in males
1 in 27
moderate ID, IQ of ___
35-40 to 50-55
APA definition - developmental disability
typically comes before age 3
IDEA definition: “adversely affects a child’s educational performance”
Has to impact their ability to access the general education curriculum (without assistance)
Just because a student has autism (i.e., are clinically diagnosed) doesn’t mean they are eligible for education services
When was PDD-NOS and Asperger Syndrome added to the DSM?
1994
Where do the PDD categories fall on the spectrum (prior to 2013)
Rett <- CDD <- Autism -> PDD-NOS -> Asperger’s
According to the DSM-5 an individual with autism:
- Must present in the early developmental periods (birth to 5/6 years old)
- Symptoms cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
- Not better explained by ID (can have ID along with autism, but that cannot be a better category/explanation than autism)
What is the new disorder introduced in the DSM-5?
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
What was the term Bettelheim coined claiming that the cause of autism was cold parents, who did not show typical love and affection?
refrigerator mothers
In what year was the term “Asperger Syndrome” first used?
1981
“There is no single behavior that is always typical of autism and no behavior that would automatically exclude an individual child from a diagnosis of autism”
ASD is a spectrum; no two individuals with autism are the same
12 to 15 months: lack of or rare showing
showing = holding up objects, drawing your attention to something
rate in females
1 in 116
What is an average IQ?
85-115
Current IDEA definition of Autism
Autism means a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. Other characteristics often associated with autism are engagement in repetitive activities and stereotyped movements, resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines, and unusual responses to sensory experiences.
Prior to 2013, how many Pervasive Developmental Disorder categories were in the DSM?
5
Who was said to be a psychotherapist but didn’t have any experience with education, children, families and worked in the family lumber business?
Bruno Bettelheim
Red flags at 9 to 12 months
-Decreased orienting to name
-Seems to hear environmental sounds better than human voice
-Decreased monitoring of other’s gaze
-Inability to follow a point
-Abnormalities in arousal to stimuli
-Infrequent babbling
15 to 18 months: examples of pretend play
phone, farm set, kitchen set
What kinds of implications do these statistics have for teachers? Communities? Society at large?
- overdiagnosing? insurance covers more services outside of school with a diagnosis
- teacher, in general, are going to have more students who are diagnosed with autism
- gen ed teachers who are under-education on special education
- money, cost –> more money you have, better services you are going to get
Roughly ____% of students with Autism have an ID
33%
What factors might contribute to comorbidity of autism and ID?
-fetal alchohol syndrome
-environment
mild ID, IQ of ___
50-55 to 70
severe ID, IQ of ___
20-25 to 30-40
profound ID, IQ of ___
below 20-25
When do you get DDS services?
IQ below 70
Since ASD if often co-morbid with other disabilities, how do you decide which is the primary diagnosis?
- could depend on coverage?
- student and team dependent
APA definition of Autism
Autism is a neurologically-based developmental disability with onset before the age of three that is defined by marked impairments in communication and social interaction and the presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities
Key components of APA autism definition
developmental disability, impairments in communication, stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities
APA definition says nothing about ______
cognition (can be really high, really low, average)
examples of stereotyped behavior, interests, activities
hand flapping, lining up toys, scripting, stimming, echolalia (repetitive speech), interests (elevators, cars, trains, TV shows, etc.)
In what year did autism become recognized by the IDEA as 1 of the 13 eligibility categories?
1990 (it was one of the last categories to be added)
What does IDEA stand for?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
How is the IDEA definition different from APA definition?
“adversely affects a child’s educational performance”
“resistance to environmental change”
“unusual responses to sensory experiences”
“affecting verbal and nonverbal communication”
IDEA definition: “resistance to environmental change”
- change is a big part of school life
- schedules can chance pretty rapidly (fire drill, teacher out, assembly)
IDEA definition: “unusual responses to sensory experiences”
ex: light, noises
IDEA definition: “affecting verbal and nonverbal communication”
nonverbal = body language
When was autism added to the DSM?
1980
Who primarily uses the DSM?
psychologists
Prior to 2013, what was Autism under the category of in the DSM?
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Prior to 2013, what were the other PDDs?
Autistic Disorder (Autism), PDD-NOS, Asperger Syndrome, Rett Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
What categories are on the low end of the spectrum (prior to 2013)?
Rett Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
What categories are in the middle of the spectrum (prior to 2013)?
Autism
What categories are on the high end of the spectrum (prior to 2013)?
Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified, Asperger Syndrome
In what year did Autism Spectrum Disorder become one category?
2013, DSM-5
How did the DSM-5 change the way autism is diagnosed?
- 4 previous categories consolidated into 1 diagnosis of ASD
- Consolidation of 3 categories of symptoms into 2 categories of symptoms
- Addition of sensory issues under the category of restricted/repetitive behavior
- severity assessment scale
- additional assessment for genetic causes, language level, ID, medical conditions
- new diagnosis of social communication disorder
DSM-5 definition of ASD
3 deficits in social communication and at least 2 symptoms in the category of restricted range of activities/repetitive behaviors
How did DSM-5 change the spectrum?
Rett Syndrome is on its own, CDD is questionable, PDD-NOS and Asperger’s don’t exist
Simple definition of SPCD
Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
Is SPCD accepted under the IDEA?
no, not a category that a student can be diagnosed with to get special education services (but can get services if eligible under a different educational category such as autism or speech and language disability)
The word autism comes from the Greek word autos meaning ______.
self
In 1911, a psychiatrist by the name of __________ coined the terms “autism” and “autistic” to describe an aspect of schizophrenia in which a person withdraws from the outside world into himself.
Eugen Bleuler
In 1943, ___________, a psychiatric, used the term “autistic” to describe 11 children similar to how we define autism today
Leo Kanner
How were Leo Kanner’s children described?
described as schizophrenic, but had language difficulties, social weaknesses/inabilities, and stereotyped behaviors
In 1944, _______, Austrian pediatrician, used the term autistic to describe 4 boys with characteristics of what we used to refer to as Asperger Syndrome
Hans Asperger
How were the boys Asperger described different from Bleuler and Kanner’s reports?
The boys did not have the same language issues that Bleuler and Kanner reported
Who’s description of autism was the most widely recognized until the 1980s?
Leo Kanner
Who challenged what Bettelheim was saying (disproved refrigerator mother theory) (1964)?
Bernard Rimland
Who was a parent of a child with autism and founded the ASA?
Bernard Rimland
What does ASA stand for?
Autism Society of America
Who published a paper using the term “Asperger syndrome” in which she described children much like the boys described by Hans Asperger in 1944?
Lorna Wing
How did Lorna Wing describe the children with Asperger syndrome?
different from autism and schizophrenia; children who had stereotyped behaviors, high vocabulary, didn’t have the same level of language issues
Who published a landmark study showing dramatic IQ gains for a large number of children with autism?
Lovaas
What intervention did Lovaas write about in his landmark study?
ABA - applied behavior analysis
“For children who have autism (with or without coexisting global developmental delays), the development of social skills and language is more delayed and characteristically ‘out of sync’ with motor, adaptive and cognitive functioning. The discrepancy between the development of social skills and general development is one of the most important defining criteria”
the primary thing for children with autism is delated social skills; this is what they look for the most when comparing to the development of a typically developing child
Red flags at 6 to 9 months
-Infrequently looks to others’ faces
-Gaze aversion
-Poor eye contact
-Decreased social smiling
-Absent facial expression
-Poor emotional modulation
-Delayed babbling
-Infrequent vocalizations
-Abnormal pattern of focus or attention
6 to 9 months: poor emotional modulation
- not being able to be soothed, not being able to calm themselves down
- or the opposite -> flat all the time, no up and down of emotions
- hard time regulating emotions (more so than average 6-9 month old)
6 to 9 months: abnormal pattern of focus or attention
- hyper-focused on something
- perseverating on an object and not being able to divert attention to anything else
6 to 9 months: poor eye contact
at this age, babies should be able to look in your direction and connect with you through their eyes
Red flags at 12 to 15 months
-Lack of or rare pointing
-Lack of or rare showing
-Delayed speech
-Repetitive or perseverative play with objects
-Does not wave bye- bye
12 to 15 months: repetitive or perseverative play with objects
-not playing with toys in the correct way
-ex: trains (just moving the car back and forth, getting on eye level with the wheels)
-ex: toy phone (pick it up and banging it)
Red flags at 15 to 18 months
-Limited or scripted pretend play
-Lack of imitation
-Reduced variety of play acts
-Early signs of developmental regression
15 to 18 months: limited or scripted pretend play/lack of imitation
-don’t have the ability to pretend play or imitate someone else
-a lot of pretend play comes from imitating parents or caregivers
15 to 18 months: developmental regression
-have developed skills and then slowly start to lose those skills
-ex: language, eye contact, play skills
