Quiz 1 Flashcards
Forces Of Nature: Gravity, Weak Force, Electromagnetic Force, Strong Force
Gravity: force that acts upon every object in the universe.
Weak Force: force between subatomic particles that cause radioactive decay
Electromagnetic force: force between electrically charged electrons. Hold electrons in their orbit around nucleus. Creates light, magnetism & electricity
Strong Force: force that keeps neutrons and protons within the nucleus
Structure of an element
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Shell and Valence Shell
Increased NRGY = ?
Max ELECTRON in O1, O2, & O3?
Charge?
Atomic Weight
Proton: positively charged atom. In the nucleus. Atomic Number
Neutron: no charge. In the atom.
Electron: negative charge. In an orbit around nucleus known as shells–valence shell: outermost shell. Increased energy to electron = increase distance in orbit
Atomic Weight/Mass: Proton + Neutron
Three Chemical Bond & Octet Rule
Ionic
Covalent Hydrogen Octet Rule?
Ionic: bonds between metals. During this bond, one element donates an electron to the other. This creates a charge for the elements
Covalent: bonds between non-metals. During this bond, elements share more than two pairs of electrons. They do this to achieve stability.
Octet Rule: a rule of stability. Elements are typically stable when they have 8 electrons on their outer valence shells.
Hydrogen: dipole-dipole. polar to non-polar. Weak force.
Electronegativity
The tendency to attract electrons.
The higher the electronegativity, the higher chance they're able to attract the electrons Electronegativity gets higher as you go left to right in the periodic table and lower as you go down the group
Polarity
Oppositely charged. Atom’s negative is attracted to another atom’s pos
Five common groups
Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Phosphate
Hydroxyl (-OH): found in carbs
Carbonyl (-C=O): found in lipids
Carboxyl (-COOH): found in proteins
Amino (-NH): found in amino acids
Phosphate (-PO4): found in DNA, ATP
Viscosity, Cohesion, Surface Tension, Adhesion, Colloid/Emulsion, Capillary Action
Viscosity: measurement of fluid resistance against flow. Higher viscosity = higher resistance
Colloid: when particles are trapped in a medium, like a fluid. When it involves two liquids, it’s called EMULSION
Cohesion: attraction between fluids
Surface Tension: formed through cohesion
Adhesion: attraction between fluid & solids
Capillary Action: action done through adhesion and cohesion
pH
pH > 7
pH = 7
pH < 7
pH: measurement of H+ (H ions) and Hydroxyl (OH-)
pH > 7 : basic. alkaline. more H+
pH = 7: neutral.
pH < &: acid. acidic. less H+
Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic: attraction to water
Hydrophobic: “scared” of water.
Diffusion, Osmosis
Diffusion: high concentration gradient to low concentration gradient
Osmosis: diffusion through water
Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic SOLUTIONS
Isotonic: equal amount of solute
Hypotonic Solution: HIGHER amount of solvent–water–OUTSIDE of cell
Hypertonic Solution: LOWER mount of solvent–water–outside of cell
Response to NRGY
Response to NRGY–kinetic NRGY, light, sound–through receptors
Pressure
ratio of force of an area over which it is distributed. P = Force / Area
Structure of lipid bilayer
Phosphate Head & Fatty Acid Tail
Phosphate Head: polar–opposite charges attracted to each other. outside. hydrophilic.
Fatty Acid Tail: nonpolar–equal charged; not attracted to each other. inside. hydrophobic
Structure of Amino Acid
Peptide
Polypeptides
Monomers
Polymers
Peptide: short linear chain of amino acids
Polypeptides: make proteins. more than one peptide
Monomer: amino acid
Polymers: polypeptide & peptide
