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Psychology 201 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is critical thinking

A

thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions

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2
Q

The steps of critical thinking

A

1) Examines assumptions
2) Judge the source – scientist or not
3) Notice hidden biases
4) Evaluates evidence
5) Assesses conclusions

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3
Q

Hindsight Bias
(flaws in critical thinking)

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one knew the outcome ahead of time

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4
Q

Overconfidence
(flaws in critical thinking)

A

we think we know more than we do, and we have resistance to seeking out facts

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5
Q

Confirmation Bias
(Errors in thinking)

A

the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis neglect or distort contradicting evidence

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6
Q

Belief Perseverance
(Errors in thinking)

A

the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even if evidence contradicts beliefs

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7
Q

Scientific theory

A

an explanation for a large number of observations in the natural world

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8
Q

What do scientific theories make?

A

new predictions of things that can be expected to happen

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9
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction that can support or disconfirm a theory

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10
Q

Operational definitions

A

Specific definitions that clarify what is being observed and measured. Has to be reliable and logical

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11
Q

Replication

A

The process of many research studies published that test one specific hypothesis

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12
Q

Scientific method

A

Planned observations and analyses to test what seems to be true

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13
Q

Research strategies for testing hypotheses and theories

A

Description, correlation, and experiments

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14
Q

Descriptive research

A

A systematic objective observation of people. to provide a clear, accurate picture of people’s behaviors, thoughts, and attributes

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15
Q

Case study

A

Examining one person in depth

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16
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

record behavior in natural environments. Describes but does not explain behavior

17
Q

Survey and interview

A

Examines the opinions or behaviors of many people

18
Q

Random sampling

A

Every person in the entire population has an equal chance to participate

19
Q

correlation

A

a measure of how closely two factors (variables) vary together, or how well you can predict a change in one from observing a change in the other

20
Q

variable

A

includes anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

21
Q

can a correlation coefficient prove causation

A

no

22
Q

illusory correlation

A

the perception of a relationship between two variables when only a small or no relationship actually exists

23
Q

Experimentation

A

allow researchers to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors in several ways

24
Q

experimentation and manipulation

A

they can manipulate the factors of interests to determine their effects

25
Q

double-blind procedure

A

eliminating bias by having neither those in the study nor those collecting data know which group is receiving the treatment

26
Q

Independent

A

the factor that is manipulated; their effects are being studied

27
Q

confounding

A

factor that might produce an effect

28
Q

dependent

A

factor that may change when the independent variable is manipulated and an effect is seen

29
Q

how descriptive research is conducted

A

observational method, case study, and surveys

30
Q

is descriptive research manipulated

A

no

31
Q

weaknesses of descriptive research

A

cannot verify the research problem, wording can influence the persons answer, cannot repeat the research

32
Q

how is correlation research conducted

A

taking two variables and seeing if they are connected or not

33
Q

manipulation in correlation

A

none of the two variables are manipulated

34
Q

weaknesses of correlation research

A

it cannot lead to causation

35
Q

how are experimental researches conducted

A

one variable is manipulated

36
Q

what is manipulated in an experimental study

A

the control group or independent variable

37
Q

weaknesses of experimental research

A

People may behave differently in the experimental setting than they would under more ordinary conditions

Psychology 201 (1 decks)

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