Quiz 1

Question 1

What is critical thinking

Answer 1

thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions

Question 2

The steps of critical thinking

Answer 2

1) Examines assumptions
2) Judge the source – scientist or not
3) Notice hidden biases
4) Evaluates evidence
5) Assesses conclusions

Question 3

Hindsight Bias
(flaws in critical thinking)

Answer 3

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one knew the outcome ahead of time

Question 4

Overconfidence
(flaws in critical thinking)

Answer 4

we think we know more than we do, and we have resistance to seeking out facts

Question 5

Confirmation Bias
(Errors in thinking)

Answer 5

the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis neglect or distort contradicting evidence

Question 6

Belief Perseverance
(Errors in thinking)

Answer 6

the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even if evidence contradicts beliefs

Question 7

Scientific theory

Answer 7

an explanation for a large number of observations in the natural world

Question 8

What do scientific theories make?

Answer 8

new predictions of things that can be expected to happen

Question 9

Hypothesis

Answer 9

A testable prediction that can support or disconfirm a theory

Question 10

Operational definitions

Answer 10

Specific definitions that clarify what is being observed and measured. Has to be reliable and logical

Question 11

Replication

Answer 11

The process of many research studies published that test one specific hypothesis

Question 12

Scientific method

Answer 12

Planned observations and analyses to test what seems to be true

Question 13

Research strategies for testing hypotheses and theories

Answer 13

Description, correlation, and experiments

Question 14

Descriptive research

Answer 14

A systematic objective observation of people. to provide a clear, accurate picture of people’s behaviors, thoughts, and attributes

Question 15

Case study

Answer 15

Examining one person in depth

Question 16

Naturalistic observation

Answer 16

record behavior in natural environments. Describes but does not explain behavior

Question 17

Survey and interview

Answer 17

Examines the opinions or behaviors of many people

Question 18

Random sampling

Answer 18

Every person in the entire population has an equal chance to participate

Question 19

correlation

Answer 19

a measure of how closely two factors (variables) vary together, or how well you can predict a change in one from observing a change in the other

Question 20

variable

Answer 20

includes anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

Question 21

can a correlation coefficient prove causation

Answer 21

no

Question 22

illusory correlation

Answer 22

the perception of a relationship between two variables when only a small or no relationship actually exists

Question 23

Experimentation

Answer 23

allow researchers to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors in several ways

Question 24

experimentation and manipulation

Answer 24

they can manipulate the factors of interests to determine their effects

Question 25

double-blind procedure

Answer 25

eliminating bias by having neither those in the study nor those collecting data know which group is receiving the treatment

Question 26

Independent

Answer 26

the factor that is manipulated; their effects are being studied

Question 27

confounding

Answer 27

factor that might produce an effect

Question 28

dependent

Answer 28

factor that may change when the independent variable is manipulated and an effect is seen

Question 29

how descriptive research is conducted

Answer 29

observational method, case study, and surveys

Question 30

is descriptive research manipulated

Answer 30

no

Question 31

weaknesses of descriptive research

Answer 31

cannot verify the research problem, wording can influence the persons answer, cannot repeat the research

Question 32

how is correlation research conducted

Answer 32

taking two variables and seeing if they are connected or not

Question 33

manipulation in correlation

Answer 33

none of the two variables are manipulated

Question 34

weaknesses of correlation research

Answer 34

it cannot lead to causation

Question 35

how are experimental researches conducted

Answer 35

one variable is manipulated

Question 36

what is manipulated in an experimental study

Answer 36

the control group or independent variable

Question 37

weaknesses of experimental research

Answer 37

People may behave differently in the experimental setting than they would under more ordinary conditions