Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is critical thinking

A

thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions

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2
Q

The steps of critical thinking

A

1) Examines assumptions
2) Judge the source – scientist or not
3) Notice hidden biases
4) Evaluates evidence
5) Assesses conclusions

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3
Q

Hindsight Bias
(flaws in critical thinking)

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one knew the outcome ahead of time

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4
Q

Overconfidence
(flaws in critical thinking)

A

we think we know more than we do, and we have resistance to seeking out facts

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5
Q

Confirmation Bias
(Errors in thinking)

A

the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis neglect or distort contradicting evidence

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6
Q

Belief Perseverance
(Errors in thinking)

A

the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even if evidence contradicts beliefs

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7
Q

Scientific theory

A

an explanation for a large number of observations in the natural world

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8
Q

What do scientific theories make?

A

new predictions of things that can be expected to happen

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9
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction that can support or disconfirm a theory

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10
Q

Operational definitions

A

Specific definitions that clarify what is being observed and measured. Has to be reliable and logical

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11
Q

Replication

A

The process of many research studies published that test one specific hypothesis

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12
Q

Scientific method

A

Planned observations and analyses to test what seems to be true

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13
Q

Research strategies for testing hypotheses and theories

A

Description, correlation, and experiments

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14
Q

Descriptive research

A

A systematic objective observation of people. to provide a clear, accurate picture of people’s behaviors, thoughts, and attributes

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15
Q

Case study

A

Examining one person in depth

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16
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

record behavior in natural environments. Describes but does not explain behavior

17
Q

Survey and interview

A

Examines the opinions or behaviors of many people

18
Q

Random sampling

A

Every person in the entire population has an equal chance to participate

19
Q

correlation

A

a measure of how closely two factors (variables) vary together, or how well you can predict a change in one from observing a change in the other

20
Q

variable

A

includes anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

21
Q

can a correlation coefficient prove causation

22
Q

illusory correlation

A

the perception of a relationship between two variables when only a small or no relationship actually exists

23
Q

Experimentation

A

allow researchers to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors in several ways

24
Q

experimentation and manipulation

A

they can manipulate the factors of interests to determine their effects

25
double-blind procedure
eliminating bias by having neither those in the study nor those collecting data know which group is receiving the treatment
26
Independent
the factor that is manipulated; their effects are being studied
27
confounding
factor that might produce an effect
28
dependent
factor that may change when the independent variable is manipulated and an effect is seen
29
how descriptive research is conducted
observational method, case study, and surveys
30
is descriptive research manipulated
no
31
weaknesses of descriptive research
cannot verify the research problem, wording can influence the persons answer, cannot repeat the research
32
how is correlation research conducted
taking two variables and seeing if they are connected or not
33
manipulation in correlation
none of the two variables are manipulated
34
weaknesses of correlation research
it cannot lead to causation
35
how are experimental researches conducted
one variable is manipulated
36
what is manipulated in an experimental study
the control group or independent variable
37
weaknesses of experimental research
People may behave differently in the experimental setting than they would under more ordinary conditions