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Modern Unconscious > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Descartes Dualism

A

Distinguished between conscious god-like thoughts (originated from god) and unconscious animal thought. Also distinguished between the mind and the body

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2
Q

Mesmer - Animal magnetism - 1770 and hypnosis 1840

A

used arm movements to change the magnetic fields of patients and used hypnosis to change the minds of the subject without the subjects awareness

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3
Q

Darwin - Animal breeding

A

Farmers have unconsciously been using the principles of natural selection to beef better cops and livestock

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4
Q

Séances and spiritualism - 1800

A

Belief in what might happen is influencing their behaviour which gives an unintended result
Ex: Ouija boards

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5
Q

Sigmund Freud - Hysteria and neurosis 1900

A

Made the metaphysical physical by putting the illness inside the brain as a part of their unconscious mind. Thought unconscious was a filter for conscious thought

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6
Q

Watson - Behaviourism 1913

A

People motivated by rewards and punishment. No reliable methods to study the mind so Watson and other behaviourists concluded that the mind was not causal and that conscious thoughts were not behaviour

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7
Q

Skinner - Verbal Behaviour

A

Verbal behaviour and other higher mental processes are environmentally driven by stimulus-response linkages

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8
Q

Cognitive Revolution - 1960’s

A

Complete reversal of role of environment in determining higher mental processes

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9
Q

Behaviourism - 1957

A

Environmental control over behaviour means there is no role for consciousness or for cognitive processes

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10
Q

Neisser - pre attention analysis, pattern recognition, figurative synthesis (cognitive revolution)

A

Replaced external stimuli as the cause of behaviour with goals and executive processes
Left a causal vacuum because her research basically said consciousness was used for everything

Crude products furnished to our conscious executive processes

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11
Q

Anne Triesman - attention

A

Attention changes peoples experiences; intention changes behaviour

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12
Q

Dawkins - selfish gene/“unconscious watchmaker”

A

Not your mind that runs your consciousness it’s your genes, all bodily functions are governed by your genes. Goal of your genes is to survive and reproduce

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13
Q

The role of technology

A

Helped propel the cognitive revolution by the creation of things like stereo headphones and tachistoscope
Helped physiologists such as triesman and broadbent

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14
Q

Unconscious

A

The processing of information without our awareness and sometimes without our intention

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15
Q

What came first conscious or unconscious mind?

A

Unconscious mind

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16
Q

Rozin - Conscious access to evolved unconscious mechanisms 1976

A

Learning and education bring consciousness to limited-access programs in our unconscious

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17
Q

Reber- what came first?

A

Unconscious mind evolved first and predates the conscious mind

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18
Q

Loftus & Klinger - is the unconscious smart?

A

Unconscious mind is not as smart as Freud made it out to be. It is easily influenced by subliminal messages and lack of awareness of the causes and consequences of those messages and external stimuli on our mental processes

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19
Q

Nesbit & Wilson - justification of primes

A

Can’t always rely on individuals personal account. People justified primed unconscious behaviour which confirms that we don’t know why a prime changed our behaviour in the first place

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20
Q

What’s the cost for conscious thought?

A

Conscious thought requires 20% of our total energy use even though the brain is only 2% of total body mass

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21
Q

William James quote

A

Consciousness drops out of any process where it is no longer needed
Ex: Driving a car

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22
Q

George Miller - “magical number 7 plus or minus 2

A

Showed that there are limits to the amount of information we can keep in our working memory at one time

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23
Q

Wilson et al - conscious thought is painful

A

Participants would rather subject themselves repeatedly to a painful shock than be alone with their thoughts

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24
Q

W. James -behavioural impulse

A

Consciousness is not a source of behavioural impulses, more like a gatekeeper having veto power

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25
Q

Gazzinga - impulse understanding

A

Impulses from the right hemisphere are understood narrative-like by the left hemisphere

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26
Q

Libet - impulses

A

Impulses come from before conscious awareness of them

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27
Q

Wegner - impulses

A

Conscious agency (source of impulses) an illusion produced by attributional deduction; no true conscious causation for impulses

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28
Q

Conscious vs unconscious (definitions)

A

Conscious: awareness, intentional, slow/serial, controllability

Unconscious: unaware, unintended, fast/parallel, uncontrollable

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29
Q

Two different forms of not conscious

A

Subconscious (skill acquisition) intentional and efficient procedural learning

Preconscious processing: unintentional, immediate, and unaware analysis of stimuli

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30
Q

Jastow - skill acquisition

A

Argued that for processes to transition from conscious to unconscious required experience
Ex: driving a car

Reversed Freud’s notion of relationship between conscious and unconscious

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31
Q

Schiffin & Schneider - attention vs automatic processing

A

Used varied and consistent mapping to study attention vs automatic processing. Participants gradually became unaware of rehearsal or attention-demanding controlled processing after 600 trials.

External stimuli activate internal representations which they’ve become automatically associated with

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32
Q

Varied mapping

A

Sometimes the item (category) is the target, sometime it is the distractor

Controlled serial search (much slower)

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33
Q

Consistent mapping

A

Item(category) is either a target or a distractor and they don’t change

Automatic detection

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34
Q

Bargh & Ferguson - environmental stimuli

A

Environmental stimuli can trigger higher mental processes if cognitive processing is allowed to mediate these effects. Social behaviour in the external environment often access their corresponding mental representations in an immediate and direct manner without consciousness.

Mechanic can’t fix a car without looking under the hood

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35
Q

Subconscious processing

A

Same as skill acquisition: intentional and efficient, procedural learning

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36
Q

Bruner & Postum - preconscious analysis

A

Preconscious analysis of meaning prior to the perception of the stimulus. Filtered the world before stimulus was consciously perceived. Used a tachistoscope

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37
Q

Anne Triesmann - cognitive revolution

A

If there is some analysis of meaning prior to our perception of the stimulus this would mean that there is an unconscious, unintended analysis of the world and then the products of that analysis are furnished to conscious awareness

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38
Q

Tachistoscope

A

Displays an image for a set amount of time

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39
Q

Cleary - cocktail party effect

A

People noticed their name being said in one ear even if they were supposed to be focusing on the sounds coming into the other ear

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40
Q

Broadbent - filter world through physical aspects

A

We have control over our perceptual experiences. He was wrong about the barrier being based on physical stimulus

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41
Q

Triesmann - attentional barrier

A

Stimuli relative to our current purpose break through the attentional barrier. Participants shadowing a story played in 1 ear would automatically switch and continue shadowing when the story started playing in the other ear.

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42
Q

Deutch & Deutch - late selection

A

Every intake of information is analyzed for meaning but only what’s important is made conscious

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43
Q

Norman - top-down vs bottom-up processing

A

Preconscious analysis determined by accessibility of relative info matching internal representations

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44
Q

Modern Preconscious effect

A

Faces: trust, competence, other personality impressions (tordorov)
Stereotypes and biases
Coding behaviour (Uleman et al)
Effect of evaluation
Perceptual motor skills with a great deal of experience

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45
Q

Willis & tordorov - faces

A

Time constraint of 100 millisecond vs no time constraint had no affect on trait judgments of faces. Additional time only increased confidence

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46
Q

Bellew & tordorov - competence

A

Judgment of competence of peoples faces didn’t change with 100 ms vs 200 ms vs no time constraint

Governor races and senate races decided based on perceived competence based on the face

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47
Q

Perceptual fluency

A

We trust our senses implicitly, we trust them as true and valid information that comes to us effortlessly and fluently

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48
Q

Kelley Brown & Jasechko - implicit memory

A

Participants given list of names to memorize ten asked the next day to report who they thought was famous out ROA random list of names. Participants told that prior memorized names were NOT famous, yet still judged remembered names as famous

Fluency taken as a cue for validity or diagnosticity of the external information

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49
Q

Executive process

A

Continuous and intentional, operates on the outputs of the Preconscious analyses

Unconscious analysis of sensory info and conscious, intentional use of that analysis (legacy of Freud)

50
Q

Dr. Penfield

A

Bypassed persons intentions by sending electric shock through certain parts of the brain

Your intention does not always ensure control

51
Q

Gazzinga & LeDoux

A

Tested split-brain patients, discovered that commands given to the right brain hemisphere influenced responses and behaviour of the left brain without conscious awareness

52
Q

Examples of unconscious executive process

A

Identity priming effects in test performance of 5 year olds
Hormonal influence on attraction and mating behaviour
Dieting goal priming in Dutch grocery stores
Achievement and study goal priming influences on best friends

53
Q

Devine - stereotype

A

Subliminal activation of African American stereotype

54
Q

Freudian unconscious

A

Primary process that filters the world
Separate mind that plays by its own rules
Workings not available to our consciousness

55
Q

Locke & Latham - goal setting and priming

A

Unconscious goal pursuit produces the same effect with moderators and mediators as conscious goal setting
Produces the same outcome but the process is different

56
Q

Kurt lewin - goal activation

A

Goal activation and operation can be unconscious
goal operation extends over time
Same motivational qualities apply to unconsciously pursued goals

57
Q

Similarities between unconscious and conscious goal pursuit

A

Consciously pursued goals produce the same outcomes as unconsciously pursued goals just with different processes

Same motivational qualities apply

Both affect self-efficacy

58
Q

Marien et al - 6 experiments

A

6 experiments demonstrating that unconscious achievement and other motives operate using the same working memory structure and executive processes as conscious goals utilize

Unconscious goal pursuit takes attention and capacity away from working memory

59
Q

Stages of impression

A

Code behaviour traits, integrate difficult traits into overall judgment of character, surprise when behaviour was unexpected

60
Q

McCullough et al - impression

A

Same stages of impression of individuals occur both consciously and unconsciously

61
Q

Pessiglore et al - brain regions and rewards

A

Same brain regions involved in conscious and unconscious goal pursuit
Whether or not it’s subliminal doesn’t matter, the brain is more reactive when the reward is higher

62
Q

Bos, nordgren, van baaren - complex decision making

A

More people who thought about a complex decision unconsciously got the correct answer
Same brain region when acquiring info was still active while their attention was elsewhere

63
Q

Hassan - “Yes it Can”

A

Anything that can be done consciously can also be done unconsciously

64
Q

Posner & Snyder - dual process model

A

2 types of thought: fast and slow
Only automatic responses under 500 milliseconds
Strategic response only after 500 milliseconds ( deliberate, forceful,conscious thought)

Created conditions necessary to show qualitatively the differences of fast and slow thought

65
Q

Cornell et al - time pressure

A

Immense time pressure causes you to resort back to old, habitual, engrained thoughts and biases

66
Q

Logan and zbrodoff - why two forms of thought?

A

We have two forms of thought to provide some flexibility in our thought process

67
Q

1980

A

Preconscious processing of self-relevant information with social behaviours pre-consciously encoded as traits

68
Q

1985

A

Attitudes and evaluations activated pre-consciously during perception
Stereotypes activated pre-consciously

69
Q

1990

A

Goals and motives activated by situational features

70
Q

1995

A

Social behaviours triggered by external cues

71
Q

2005

A

Complex decisions can be made unconsciously

72
Q

Morewedge & Kahneman

A

System 1: fast, impulsive, automatic, error-prone
System 2: slow, controlled, corrects errors that system 1 makes

System 1 makes the errors and system 2 corrects them

73
Q

Awareness of stimulus vs awareness of effects

A

Awareness of effect/consequence of a stimulus is what’s important. There is the same effect on the brain by subliminal vs supraliminal presentation of stimuli as long as the person is not aware of its effects

74
Q

Unconscious bias

A

We are aware of peoples physical appearance, but not aware of how they affect our subconscious and how we’re influenced by them

75
Q

Valerie Purdie-Vaughn & Richard eibach - hiring bias

A

More bias hiring equally qualified job candidates one at a time then as a group because the bias is in your conscious awareness

76
Q

Kruglanski & Gigerenzer - fast vs slow inferences

A

Fast and immediate inferences can be more accurate and adaptive then deliberate slower versions when it comes to skilled procedures and expertise

77
Q

Critiques of system 1 and system 2

A

It’s too simple, there are certainly fast and slow processes, intentional and unintentional processes, easy and difficult mental processes but they are not mutually exclusive. You can’t just lump them into 2 systems there can be a combination of both

78
Q

Main problem with system 1 and system 2

A

System 1 can make and does make many inferences
Ex: mind makes inferences based on where the sun is, visual system is drawing inferences, evolved traits, system 1 is doing the processing and making the inference

79
Q

Karen and Schul - matrix

A

The alignment problem: 2x2x2x2 space of 16 cells but only 2 exist in space

Highlights the issue with the system 1 and system 2 line of thought

80
Q

Melinkoff and Bargh - system 1 and system 2

A

No evidence of any actual difference in the brain between systems 1 and 2

81
Q

Suhler & Churchland also bargh, Logan 2018 - control

A

Control = guided, purposeful, executive process
Control can be automatic and unintentional

82
Q

Unconscious processes often used as a scapegoat

A

People in history used the idea of unconscious bias as an excuse when they are caught being overtly biased/racist/homophobic/etc

83
Q

Mind, society and behaviour world development report

A

World development report basically said we should always engage in system 2 because system 1 is faulty
Named nepotism as system 1

84
Q

Problems of deliberate thought

A
  1. Rationalizations and motivated cognition
  2. Limits of conscious (attentional) processing
  3. Distractions and missed opportunities
  4. Superiority of habitual and automatic self-regulation
85
Q

Unconscious in the past

A

Unconscious influences are generally adaptive and in the service of our most important goals

86
Q

Adaptive

A

Keeping us safe, willing, and able to mate and reproduce, motivated to find food, warmth, shelter, and cooperate with each other

87
Q

Primary needs and motives

A

Physical safety
Disease avoidance
Resource acquisition: Hunger, warmth (food and shelter)
Reproduction and mating
Belonging/cooperation (familial/tribal)

88
Q

Where do attitudes come from?

A

People, objects, events (stimuli) evaluated in terms of your evolved, basic, most important motivations

The abstract or surface attitude actually serves a deeper meaning

89
Q

Block & Block - preschool children

A

Fearful preschool children more likely to report conservative attitudes at age 23

90
Q

Inbar Pizarro & Bloom - conservatives vs liberals

A

Adult conservatives show higher sensitivity to threats compared to liberals

91
Q

Oxely et al - startle reflex

A

Conservatives show greater startle reflex to unexpected noises and higher skin conductance in response to scary or unpleasant images

92
Q

Kanai, fielden, firth, & rees - size of amygdala and political view

A

Self identified political conservativism is positively correlated with the size of the right amygdala

93
Q

Schriber et al - conservatives and the brain

A

Republicans displayed more activation of right amygdala during risk taking exercise than democrats did

94
Q

Napier, Huang, Vonasch, Bargh - physical safety

A

Imagining physical safety makes conservatives less conservative and turns conservatives into liberals

95
Q

Changing needs changes attitudes

A

Satisfying the deeper need (for safety) also satisfies (turns off) the higher order effect (in this case, political attitudes). Making people feel safe makes them less conservative

96
Q

Facial expressions

A

Communicate important information about the state of the current environment to others in our group, without words, immediately, reflexively, and in a way everyone in the group understands

97
Q

Chapman et al - electro magnetism and faces

A

Used electromagnetism stimuli,action of facial muscles to illicit certain facial responses to physically disgusting or morally disgusting behaviour

98
Q

Haidt - “emotional dog and it’s rational tail”

A

Reversed the usual model: instead of moral reasoning producing the emotion, the emotion is experienced immediately and intuitively and causes the reasoning

99
Q

Schnall et al - disgust and cleanliness

A

Relation between disgust and moral condemnation, and cleanliness and moral purity or goodness

100
Q

Huang, sedlovsky, Ackerman & Bargh - vaccines

A

Study 1: when threatened with disease, vaccinated people exhibit less prejudice toward immigrants than unvaccinated people
Study 2: framing vaccination messages in terms of immunity eliminates the relationship between chronic germ aversion and prejudice
Study 3: disease protection manipulation , washing hands reduces prejudice.

101
Q

Need for control

A

Belief that you have fundamental control over important outcomes helps defend against the threat of randomness and chaos

102
Q

Kay et al - control of their life

A

Individuals with perceived low power/control in their lives believed more in god, preferred more governmental control, greater instances of nationalism. Associate with broader societal mechanisms that do have power

103
Q

Terror management theory

A

Making your own death more salient leads to long-term identifications with cultural and religious organizations or groups that will outlive you such as god and government. Also favour personal identities to institutions and organizations such as sports teams that will outlive them

104
Q

Xu, Schwarz & Wyre - hunger

A

Hunger makes you buy more, not just at the grocery store but also at target, Walmart, internet shopping etc. also take more free stuff when offered. Generalizes to broader, ore abstract acquisition motive

105
Q

Huang, sedlovsky, Ackerman, Bargh - influences of perceived safety

A

Feelings of physical safety influences feelings of social safety. Imagining having complete invulnerability reduces the effect of social rejection

106
Q

M. tomasello et al - why were different than primates

A

The motivation to share psychological states and capacity to coordinate one’s behaviour with others. Sharing purposes and intentions is the basis for human culture

107
Q

Hamlin, Hallinan, Woodward - directed behaviour

A

Study 1: 7 month olds were able to understand and reproduce explicit goal directed behaviour
Study 2: exhibited the same behaviour for unfulfilled goals (almost picked it up). Infants show they understand goals and tend to want to behave the same way.

108
Q

Friend or Foe

A

6 to 10 month olds prefer the helper not the hindered, they exhibit pro-social behaviour

109
Q

Over & Carpenter - interpersonal bond

A

18 month olds spontaneously helped pick up toys when primed with interpersonal bond. Cooperation makes children exhibit more social behaviour

110
Q

Erica boothly - shared experience

A

Sharing experiences with someone we know makes it more intense and memorable (both good and bad)

111
Q

Wickland Gollwitzwer symbolic self-conception

A

When there is an internal change of social self-conception there is a really strong desire to share it with everyone

112
Q

Minnesota tracking study

A

Attachment to parents at age 1 affects all future relationships in your life including the number of friends you’ll have in high school and the number of breakups you’ll have in your 20’s

113
Q

Hill & Durante - mating motive

A

Triggering the mating motive leads people to change their current behavioural choices, changes evaluation of actions that help reproduction goal but harm the survival and safety goal

114
Q

Busetta et al - attractiveness

A

Activation of the mating motive leads to a bias toward perceived attractive people. Feelings of reward and goodness associated with the mating motive get associated with the persons qualifications

115
Q

Why do people choose warm food after social resection?

A

Compensates for a lack of warmth, provides comfort

116
Q

John bowlby - physical warmth

A

Physical warmth is naturally conflated with social warmth in early experiences

117
Q

Social warmth

A

Having the other persons best interests at heart

118
Q

Slater et al - newborns prefer attractive faces

A

Viewing attractive faces of the opposite sex naturally activates reward centres in the brain

119
Q

Karremans - unattractive vs attractive

A

Men preforming a hard cognitive task in a psychology experiment did worse in the presence of an attractive women

120
Q

The beauty premium

A

Physical attractiveness is a significant predictor of career advancement and promotions

121
Q

Four horseman

A

Conscious: awareness, intentional, slow/serial, controllability

Unconscious: unaware, unintentional, fast/parallel, uncontrollable

122
Q

New look argument

A

Individual differences in internal states produce differences in perception

Modern Unconscious (3 decks)

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