quiz 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of the structure of body parts
Physiology
the study of the function of the body
macroscopic anatomy (gross anatomy)
anatomy visible to the naked eye
regional anatomy
all the structures in a particular region of the body
systemic anatomy
all the structures within an organ system
surface anatomy
internal organs as they relate to overlying skin surface
how many organ systems are there?
11 organ systems
microscopic anatomy
anatomy NOT visible to the naked eye
cytology
the study of cells
histology
the study of tissues
developmental anatomy
structural changes that occur throughout life
embryology
developmental changes that occur before birth
chemical level/ atoms
the smallest units of nonliving matter
cellular level/ cells
the smallest units of living matter
tissue level/ tissues
a group of similar cells that have a common function
4 major type of tissues in the human body
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
organ level/ organ
a structure composed of one or more tissue types
organ system level/ organ system
several organs that accomplish a common purpose
organism
YOU!!!!!
maintaining boundaries
plasma membrane of each cells
integumentary system (skin)
movement
contractility of skeletal and smooth muscles
muscular system
responsiveness
ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them (pain, temperature, chemicals)
nervous system
digestion
breakdown of food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream then brought to all the body cells
digestive system
metabolism
all the chemical reactions with the body cells (catabolism, anabolism, and cellular respiration)
digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine system
excretion
removing wastes from the body
digestive, urinary, respiratory systems
reproduction (Cellular level)
one cell divides into two cells (mitosis)
reproduction (organism level)
one cell divides into 1 egg or 4 sperm (meiosis)
growth
an increase in size of the body part or of an organism
survival needs
nutrients (food)
oxygen
water
temperature (37C or 98.6F)
pressure
homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain a balanced internal state
homeostatic control (communication by the nervous system)
using electrical impulses
homeostatic control (communication by the endocrine system)
using hormones
variable
composed of 3 components
receptor (going in)
monitors the environment- responds to stimuli- sends information to the control center
control center
maintains the variable at a specific level or range- determines set point
effector (going out)
the control center responds to the stimuli
negative feedback mechanisms
- when the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
-must keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges, make continuous adjustments
nervous system= control of body temperature
endocrine system= control of blood sugar by insulin
positive feedback mechanisms
- when the output or response enhances the original stimulus
- response is self- propagating and amplified= a cascade
homeostatic imbalance
disease or illness
anatomical position
body standing
feet slightly apart
palms facing forward
superior
towards the head
inferior
towards the feet
anterior
towards the front
posterior
towards the back
medial
towards the midline
lateral
away from midline
cranial
towards the head (skull)
caudal
towards the feet (tail)
ventral
towards the front
dorsal
towards the back
proximal
closer to the origin of the body parts
distal
farther away from the origin of the body parts
superficial
towards or at the body surface
deep
away from the body surface
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, ribcage
appendicular skeleton
arms, legs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle
body planes and sections
- the body is often cut or sectioned along a flat surface called a plane
-the most common are the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves (median plane)
midsagittal plane
equal right and left halves
parasagittal
offset from the midline
frontal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior regions (coronal)
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves (cross-section , horizontal)
oblique plane
divides the body at an angle
dorsal body cavity (cranial cavity)
contains the brain
dorsal body cavity (vertebral cavity)
contains the spinal cord
vertebral body cavity (thoracic cavity)
chest
vertebral body cavity (abdominopelvic cavity)
abdomen and pelvic
thoracic cavity (pleural cavities)
lateral chest
contains the lungs
thoracic cavity (perocardical cavity)
mediastinum
contains the heart, esophagus, trachea
abdiminopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity)
contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder
abdominopelvic cavity (pelvic cavity)
contains the bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
diaphragm muscle
separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
serous membrane
thin double layered membrane that covers the body cavity walls and the body organs
parietal serosa
the membrane that lines the body cavity walls
visceral serosa
the membrane that lines the body organs themselves
serous fluid
located between the parietal and visceral layers
a lubricating fluid that separates the two membranes to prevent friction
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
liver
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
stomach
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
appendix
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
small intestine
umbilical region
right and left lumbar regions
epigastric region
left and right hypochondriac regions
hypogastric region
right and left inguinal regions
matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
energy
the capacity to do work
measured by its effects on matter
kinetic energy
energy of motion
potential energy
stored energy
chemical energy
energy stored in the bond of chemical substances
electrical energy
results from the movement of charged particles
mechanical energy
energy directly involved in moving matter
radiant energy
energy that travels in waves
elements
- all matter is composed of elements
- substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
S.P.O.N.C.H. is 96% of the human body weight
sulfur
phosphorus
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen
atoms
each element is composed of the same type of atoms
protons
found in the nucleus (+1)
neutrons
found in the nucleus (no charge)
electrons
travel around the nucleus (-1)
atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
atomic mass
the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
isotope
atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses
molecules
combination of two or more atoms
compounds
combination of two or more different atoms
energy shells
1st energy level- can hold up 2 electrons
2nd energy level- can hold up 8 electrons
3rd energy level- can hold up to 18 electrons
valance shell
the electrons in an atom’s outermost energy level
octet rule
-atoms want to have 8 valence electrons in their outmost energy level
most stable when have full octet of electrons
- atoms will gain, lose, share electrons to have full octet
- hydrogen and helium are the only exceptions to the rule
ionic bond
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
(donation and acceptance)
Na+
cation (postive)
Cl-
anion (negative)
covalent bond
atoms share electrons
nonpolar covalent bond
atoms share electrons equally
-usually found when two of the same atoms bond
polar covalent bond
atoms share electrons unequally
- usually found when two different atoms bond
dipole
one side of the molecule is electronegative and the other side is electropositive
hydrogen bond
a bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule
