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QUIZ 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Religious symbol created

A

In response to perceiving something highly unusual and powerful

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2
Q

How is the meaning of homo religious generated

A

Through symbols

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3
Q

What are religious symbols the key to

A

Understanding the value religion has for people

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4
Q

What do religious symbols stand in for

A

Hierophanies and kratophanies and follow from religious impressions (manifestation of sacred)

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5
Q

Who’s term is culture critics?

A

McCutcheon

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6
Q

Culture critics

A

reductionists who contribute to the health of a society by exposing abuses people have been subject to in the name of religion

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7
Q

Culture critics do not discount

A

Viewpoints of believers but not caretakers of religions, not in the business of nurturing or enchanting

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8
Q

Insider position

A

Religionist, own point of view, participant in religious structure

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9
Q

Outsider position

A

The researcher, perspective difference from one’s own that one can know the experience of another person and view the act of another person, fair

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10
Q

Insider-outsider challenge

A

No one can totally know other’s experiences and view the acts of others because of personal bias, not easy to leave one’s inside position even if empathizing with others does not mean leaving your own point of view

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11
Q

Religionists

A

See inside position as indispensable and focus on it, experts in the nature of religion, religion is unique, what is held in sacred tradition, sui generis

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12
Q

Reductionists

A

Meaning of religion can only be understood by examining from the outside position, thoroughly human creation (social, biological, political, economic, historical), reject sui generis, view symbols as rhetorical tools

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13
Q

What do reductionists expose?

A

The way religion functions in socio-political aspects of human lif

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14
Q

What are reductionists referred to as?

A

Culture critics who reject the reality of the sacred

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15
Q

Sacred vs Profane

A

Profane means nonreligious or spiritual, sacred is what is inspired and worshiped, hierophany is manifestation of sacred in profane world of history

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16
Q

Academic study of religion

A

Distinction between research and practice, disclose assumptions, explicit, build theories based on data, historians of religion

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17
Q

Traditional study of religion

A

Religion comes from God and not written by human, less critical

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18
Q

Believers

A

Practical thinkers that take up truth question and engage in practice and personal beliefs

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19
Q

Reductionist believers

A

Judge the truth value and act according to their own views

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20
Q

Religionist believers

A

Take up the issue of faith

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21
Q

Marxists (communists)

A

Some reductionists scholars in academic study of religion, act according to their own views, judge with personal conviction

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22
Q

What do marxists not believe?

A

Transcendent principle

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23
Q

Theologians

A

Typically do not believe in God, identify with one particular religious tradition and clarify truth about their religion

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24
Q

Who do theologians argue with?

A

Marxists about the falsity or truth of religion with personal conviction

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25
Historians of religion
Welcome insider-outside challenge even with human limitations, leave aside personal views, appreciate value of other people’s religion, critically analyze, academic study including religionist and reductionist scholars
26
Sui Generis
In a class by itself, religionist view, religion is something unique and interest in religious aspects of culture, distinctly religious perspective on life, study symbols and myths
27
Homo-religious
Eliade, the religious human, used to indicate the fundamentally religious nature of humans
28
Where is the meaning homo-religious generated?
Through religious symbols
29
Religious object
Manifests divine power and makes a religious impression, only the deepest and often the most sudden, dangerous, and frightful, prophets, poets, and musicians have all contributed to the cultural history of humankind in response to experiences of Religious Objects
30
Religious expression
After a religious impression a person is compelled to actin a creative manner to express the experience, creations of sacred objects, actions, spaces, and times that can be simple and complex
31
Example of religious expression and what they related back to
Sacrifice and healing, literate traditions that relate back to the written texts for an explanation
32
Holy/Wholly other
Experience of the holy is so radical that people are smitten with the dual impulse both to run away and run into it, generates terror and fascination
33
Mysterium tremendum
Way that the holy manifests, a person experiences the deep emotion of terror, Example Jesus Christ during the night of Agony in the Garden at Gethsemane
34
Mysterium fascinans
Holy people experience this when they feel themselves in the presence of a mystery so fascinating that they are pulled toward it
35
Religious subject relation to mysterium fascinans
Religious subjects immersed in this are overwhelmed by expansive emotion of amazement
36
Numen
From Latin standing for “this ‘extra’ in the meaning of ‘holy’ above and beyond the meaning of goodness," religious experience is based on numinous encounters (Otto)
37
Hierophany
A manifestation of the sacred into the profane world of history (kratophany shows itself as something foreign like an earthquake)
38
What is hierophany an expression of?
The ultimate expression of a religious symbol (serve to restore original hierophany
39
Religions of status quo
Stabilize society and exert a powerful effect on people over many generations, perpetrate a way of life that can be experienced as positive and negative, religious institutions gives people identity, prepares for critical life events
40
Who might be dissatisfied by religions of status quo
People who lack power might be dissatisfied with the religion if they feel their needs are not being met
41
Religions of resistance
"Heterodox” because they resist the religions of the status quo due to values, beliefs, and practices at odds with those prevailing in society, leaders encourage fanatical or socially deviant behavior to set them apart for adhering to religions of status quo
42
When can religions of resistance be religions of revolution
If members are subject to unjust treatment
43
Religions of revolution
Actively challenge religions of the status quo through rebellious action, forcefully seek to install their own worldview to replace the status quo
44
Three roots of modern study of religion
Academic discipline of christian theology, european enlightenment, european colonialism, prevailing concept of world religions and studying world religions
45
Academic discipline of christian theology
Central for early european universities, nature of divine and relationship between revelation and reason
46
European enlightenment
Separate out reason from faith in their approach to religion, reason with own dependence is the key value produced individualism and empiricism, value of individual
47
What evidence is values in european enlightenment?
Empirical evidence from senses valued over metaphysical speculation
48
European colonialism
Development of science created rational attitudes, large scale exploitation of domination of human beings for those who were ambitious, as enlightenment thinkers expanded their horizons new places were being colonized
49
Who is critical of impact of european colonialism?
Reductionists are critical of impact they had on religious culture
50
Cultural imperialism
Values of foreign culture are imposed on native culture, another way religious traditions can be ignored besides subtle erasures
51
Historical context of scriptures
Baruch Spinoza set agenda for biblical criticism by stating that religious scriptures should be studied in historical context, who wrote, why, when, and for whom, scriptures serve as a repository of knowledge and doctrine in literate traditions
52
Islamism
A response to european colonialism, after disintegration of the ottoman empire, muslims sought to establish a religious identity that stood in contradistinction to the west
53
Subtle erasures
Religious traditions that are erased by persecution, debasement, and forced conversion, occur based on the choice of data used by scholars in their research (reinforcing elitism)
54
When can subtle erasures occur?
Based on choice of research data, literary bias, voices of people with little access to education, attention to specific texts to reinforce cultural values of texts
55
Literary bias
Scholars bring this to research and pay more attention to religions with well-developed bodies of written literature than to expressive traditions based in oral culture, can cause researchers to underestimate the value of non-literary cultural contributions
56
East-west diptych
Fighting deep-held prejudices that pits the west against the rest of the world, geographic regions flatly oppose each other as two monolithic cultural plates
57
Why can east-west diptych cause harm?
Because of the over-generalized divisions between peoples
58
Orientalism
A racist attitude barbored by scholars and politicians of the west (occident) with reference to people of the east (orient), orientalists superiority associated with economic well-being and industrialization of western nations
59
What is orientalism linked to?
Cultural imperialism and pride of bringing western civilizations into non western territories
60
Defining religion
Difficult to define because it is a generic term that attempts to classify aspects of human culture, closely tied to political authority, many aspects of culture
61
Closest definition of religion
A dynamic cultural complex with positive or negative impact that stakes a claim to legitimacy based on a foundational connection to reports of hierophany
62
Orthodoxy
normal, traditional, "right belief"
63
Orthopraxy
"Right practices," comes from beliefs
64
What are religious traditions not?
Static and monolithic, they are dynamic because there are denominations, and they are not represented universally
65
What do religious believers not require?
Scientific evidence to believe
66
Atheism
no God or divine creator figure, just the universe
67
Deism
God but it does not interact with the universe, God and universe are completely separate
68
Agnosticism
There is a God but there is no way to prove its' existence
69
Monotheism
There is one God separated by created universe
70
Polytheism
There are many Gods separated by created universe
71
Hemotheism
There is one God but they recognize the existence of possible other deities
72
Pantheism
God and universe exist within each other, God=universe
73
Panentheism
The universe exists within God, God is beyond the universe
74
Anthropomorphism
There is a God in human form or the recognition of human qualities in these beings
75
Omniscient
Capacity to know everything or having complete knowledge, in Hinduism and Abrahamic religions this is an attribute of God
76
Omnipotent
God or deity has ultimate power or authority
77
Abrahamic monotheism
Belief in one God, the Lord of Abraham, similar text structures, West of India and China (East)
78
Judaism with Old testament (flow)
Longest developmental period (2000 years), Old Testament mostly written in Hebrew, Moses receives the ten commandments on tablets
79
Christianity with Old testament + New testament (flow)
Old testament (Tanakh), second to begin development (350 years), borrows Old Testament from Hebrew Bible, inspiration to paul to become the source of half of new testament, in Greek/Arabic
80
Islam with Quran (flow)
shortest and latest devlopmental period (23 years), Quran is revelation to Muhammad, original Toran (Moses) and Jesus (INJIL)
81
Longest developmental period
Judaism (2000 years)
82
Shortest developmental period
Islam (23 years)
83
Mostly written in Hebrew
Judaism
84
Mostly written in Greek or Arabic
Christianity old (borrowed from Hebrew bible) and new testament
85
Christian global population 2015
2.2 billion (2.276,250,000)
86
Christian percentage 2015
31.2%
87
Muslim global population 2015
1.75 billion (1,752,620,000)
88
Muslim percentage 2015
24.1%
89
Jew global population 2015
14.27 million (14,270,000)
90
Jew percentage 2015
0.2%
91
Unaffiliated global population 2015
1.165 billion (1,165,020,000)
92
Unaffiliated percentage 2015
16%
93
Fastest growing religion in the world
Islam
94
2035
Babies born to Muslims will outumber Christian births
95
2070
Muslims will outnumber Christians in the world
96
Fastest growing religions in America
Islam and Hindu (still only 0.1%)
97
Largest religion in the world
Christianity
98
Explicit bias
Traditional conceptualization, aware of prejudices and bias toward certain groups, on a conscious level
99
Implicit bias
Unintentionally and subconsciously, affects judgment and behaviors
100
Stereotypes
Widely held and fixed oversimplified image of a particular person, idea, thing
101
Prejudice
Preconceived opinion not based on reason
102
Discrimination
Unjust and prejudice treatment of different categories (race, sex)
103
Advantages of diversity (Dr. Phillips)
We need diversity to change, grow, and innovate, presence of diversity in a group creates awkwardness, new ideas can emerge with diversity and individuals can learn from one another, homogenous groups were more confident but did not perform as well as the groups with our-group newcomers
104
Dawkin
Reductionist, outsider, states that pastor lacks evidence, neglects personal experience, does not use qualified representation, belief in personal God is delusion
105
Pastor
Religionist, insider that states that science and religion cannot get along because of different methodology, includes spiritual elements

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