quiz 1 Flashcards
Describe the anatomical position (body, hands, feet)
Body: Standing and facing forward with the arms to the side
Hands: Palms face forward with extended fingers and the thumbs pointing away from the body
Feet: Slightly apart and toes pointed forward
Define Anterior (ventral)
viewing the body or parts of the body from the front
Define posterior (dorsal)
viewing the body or parts of the body from behind
Define Superior (cranial)
toward the head
Define Inferior (Caudal)
Toward the feet
Define Proximal
being closer to the body midline or origin of a body structure
Ex: knee is proximal to the ankle
Define distal
being farther away from the body midline or origin of a body structure
Ex: knee is distal to the hip
Define Flexion
decreasing the angle between limb bones at a joint, bending
Define extension
increasing the angle of limb bones at a joint, extending
Define abduction
movement of limbs away from the body
Define adduction
movement of limbs toward the body midline
Define rotation
movement of a limb along its axis at a joint
Define circumduction
movement of a limb in a conical shape at a joint
Define supine
the body is laying facing upward
Define prone
the body is laying facing down
Define supination
forearm: The forearm rotates palms facing forward/anterior
foot: the foot leans inward relative to the lower leg
Define pronation
forearm: forearm rotates palms facing backward/posterior
foot: foot leans outward relative to the lower leg
Define the coronal/frontal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Define the sagittal/longitudinal plane
divides the body into left and right sections
Define transverse/axial plane
divides the body into superior and inferior sections
describe day 1 of early embryogenesis
a zygote forms (2N)
describe day 4 of early embryogenesis
cleavage produces a morula
describe day 5 of early embryogenesis
a fluid-filled cavity forms inside the morula, producing a blastula
describe day 6 of early embryogenesis
the blastula splits into 2 cell masses: the inner embryoblast and an outer trophoblast.
implantation begins.
define gastrulation
1-layer embryoblast becomes a 2-layer then 3-layer gastrula
how is the bilaminar disc formed
flattened into 2 flat, oval cell layers
what forms the initial gastrula
bilaminar disc, which eventually establishes the ventral-dorsal axis in the second. week
what is the ventral layer called
hypoblast
what is the dorsal layer called
epiblast
define primitive streak
a thickening down the midline of the epiblast that occurs in week 3
what establishes the cranial-caudal axis
primitive streak in the 3rd week
what is the primitive node
cranial end
how is the germ layer formed
epiblast cells divide and migrate through the primitive streak in week 3
what does the epiblast turn into?
ectoderm
define mesoderm
migrates ventrally between epi- & hypo-blast
define endoderm
migrates ventrally and replaces the hypoblast
describe embryo folding
lateral folding turns the flat trilaminar disc into two tubes
what is the somatic layer of the embryo folded tube called?
outer tube
what is the visceral/splanchnic tube called?
inner tube or the primitive gut tube
define neurulation
ectoderm folds and divides into 3 parts during week 3
what are the 3 layer divisions of ectoderm folds
surface ectoderms
neuroectoderm
–neural tube
–neural crest cells
list the integumentary tissues
epidermis
nails and hair
surface exocrine glands
list the oral cavity tissues
oral epithelium
enamel of teeth
salivary glands
list the special sensory tissues
nasal epithelium, olfactory neurons
lens, cornea, and conjunctiva of eye
lacrimal gland
list the endocrine tissues
anterior pituitary
list the components of the central nervous system of the neural tube
brain
spinal cord
posterior pituitary
list the components of the peripheral nervous system of the neural tube
motor & sensory axons
to and from the spinal cord/brain
list the peripheral nervous system of the neural crest cells
sensory neurons autonomic neurons (post-synapse)
aside of the peripheral nervous system, what other components are of the neural crest cells
melanocytes (skin and oral mucosa) connective tissues if the head dentin of teeth great vessels of the heart medulla of adrenal gland
list the different mesoderms
axial mesoderm = notoderm
paraxial mesoderm = somite
intermediate mesoderm = reproductive & urinary system
lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) = splanchnic & somatic divisions
describe the notochord of the axial mesoderm
notochord: condensation of mesoderm
- primitive support
- signal and direct neural development
- adult derivative: nucleus pulposus (intervertebral disc)
describe the somite of the paraxial mesoderm
sclerotome
somite dermatome
syndetome
myotome
what is the sclerotome
vertebrae, ribs, occipital bone
what is the somite dermatome
dermis over the spine (epaxial region)
what is the syndetome
tendons
what is the myotome
skeletal muscle
epimere: epaxial muscles (deep back)
hypomere: hypaxial muscle
describe dermatomes
sensory innervation, composed of segmented somites. each segment is associated with a single spinal nerve
define skin dermatome
area of skin supplied by a sensory branch of a single spinal nerve
what are the components of the urinary system
kidneys, bladder, ureters
what are the components of the reproductive system
gonads and reproductive ducts (vas deferens/uterine tubes)
what is the lateral plate mesoderm
connective tissues
define somatic LPM (SoLPM)
connective tissues, bones, and smooth muscles associated with the somatic “outer tube”
define splanchnic LPM (SpLPM)
- connective tissues and smooth muscle associated with visceral “inner tube”
- endothelium of blood vessels (arteries and veins)
- cardiogenic SpLMN = heart
what is the endoderm
epithelial lining of the gut tube and derivatives
what are the components of the endoderm
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
larynx
esophagus
respiratory system (trachea and lungs)
foregut (stomach, duodenum, liver, pancrease)
midgut (small intestine, proximal large intestine)
hindgut (distal large intestine, anal canal)
functions of the integumentary system
protection, homeostasis, interaction with enironment
tissues of the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, exocrine glands
characteristics of the integumentary system epidermis
- avascular
- contains keratinocytes and melanocytes (pigment)
characteristics of the integumentary system dermis
- contains accessory and support structures of the skin
- hairs, glands, neurovasculature
characteristics of the integumentary subcutis
- a.k.a. superficial fascia
- loose connective tissue and fat
- connects skin to underlaying structures
what glands compose the skin
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
- mammary glands
characteristics of the skin, as a whole
smooth muscle - arrector pili muscle - controlled by autonomic nerves neurovasculature - arteriovenous - sensory organs and nerves
define mechanoreceptors
touch and vibration
define nocioceptors
pain
what composes the surface ectoderm
epidermis, glands, hair
what composes the neural crest cells
melanocytes
what composes the somatic LPM
hypaxial dermis, arrector pili muscles
what composes somite dermatome
epaxial dermis
Q: A majority of the appendages in the skin are located within the?
dermis
Q: the gastrula initially has how many germ layers?
2
epiblast and hypoblast
Q: the nervous system is derived from which of the following layers?
ectoderm
what are the branchial arches?
gives rise to the head and neck
a.k.a. Pharyngeal Pouches
where are the branchial arches developed?
visceral, (inward) forming around the cranial region of the primitive gut tube (inner tube)
define connective tissue
fibrous tissue that gives organs their shapes and holds the body together
what are the specialized types of connective loans
cartilage
bone
ligaments
tendons
define elastic cartilage
elastin bundles for flexibility
examples of elastic cartilage
external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis
define fibrocartilage
contains type 1 collagen
tough, dense cartilage
example of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs
define hyaline cartilage
- precursor to bone in endochondral ossification
- articular cartilage
- provides flexibility to skeleton
examples of hyaline cartilage
costal cartilages, nose cartilage
define articular cartilage
caps the ends of bony articular surface
functions of the bone
- protection for vital structures
- support for the body and vital cavities
- movement mechanics
- storage salts (calcium)
- blood cells produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity of many bones
- It is living tissue that changes throughout life
list the types of bones
cortical bone trabecular axial skeleton appendicular skeleton long short flat sesamoid irregular
what is cortical bone
compact bone
dense, outer surfacr
what is trabecular bone
cancellous or spongy bone
inner supportive meshwork
what is axial skeleton?
Inner section of the body
- skull and hyoid
- vertebral column
- ribs
- sternum
what is the appendicular?
Outer section of the body
- pectoral girdle
- upper limb
- pelvic girdle
- lower limb
characteristics of the long bones
tubular, support weight
characteristics of the short bones
ankle and wrist bones
characteristics of the flat bones
protective function (braincase)
characteristics of sesamoid bones
develop in tendons, redirect angle of tendon
characteristics of irregular bones
multiple functions
what joint has limited mobility
fibrous joints
types of fibrous joints
sutures
syndesmosis
gomphosis
define suture joints
- interdigitated connections between bones of the skull
- held together by Sharpey’s fibers (type III collagen)
define syndesmosis joints
- 2 bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
- ex: radioulnar or tibiofibular joints
define gomphosis joints
- peg and socket join connected by ligaments
- ex: dentoalveolar joints
types of cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis = primary joints symphysis = secondary joints
define cartilaginous joints
united by hyaline and/or fibrocartilage; limited mobility
define synchondrosis joints
2 bones joined together by hyaline cartilage
ex: 1st sternochondral joint
define symphysis joints
2 bones with a thick fibrocartilage pad between them
ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc
what are synovial joints
skeletal joints, highly mobile, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
where is hyaline cartilage found
on articular surfaces
what is the meniscus
pad formed by fibrocartilage in some joints
ex: knee
types of synovial joints
hinge pivoit saddle condylar plane ball and socket
what is bilateral muscle contraction
both sides of a paired muscle contract
what is unilateral muscle contraction
one side of a paired muscle contracts
what is Ipsilateral muscle contraction
same side as contracting muscle
what is contralateral muscle contraction
opposite side from contracting muscle
agonist muscle function
cause movement through concentric contraction
antagonist muscle function
oppose and regulate movement through eccentric contraction
synergist muscle function
aids the agonist through concentric contractions
fixator muscle function
stabilize a skeletal element through isometric contraction (generally around shoulders and hips)
concentric muscle function
contracting and shortening
produces motion
isometric muscle function
contracting and no length change
stabilizes
eccentric muscle function
contracting and lengthening
regulates motion of antagonists
list fiber orientations for fiber-tendon alignment
circular convergent parallel unipennate multipennate fusiform bipennate
function of muscles
- responsible for motion
- join support
- move substances through internal organs
- move blood through in circulatory system
- heat production
function of skeletal muscle
- voluntary
- striated
- moves bones and other structures
- innervated by General somatic efferents and SVE
function of cardiac muscle
- involuntary
- striated/intercalated discs
- heart
- innervated by GVE
function of smooth muscle
- involuntary
- walls of vessels and hollow organs
- innervated by GVE
what is super fascia
subdermis
what is deep fascia
surrounds muscles and neurovasculature
what is visceral fascia
surrounds organs
function of ligaments
connect bone to bone
function of tendons
connect muscle to bone or other structures
describe endochondral ossification
- there are cartilaginous precursors
- bone starts forming at primary ossification centers
- bone lengthens at secondary ossification centers (epiphyses)
what are some examples of bones that use endochondral ossification
long bones and the skull base
describe intramembranous ossification
connective tissue (messenchyme) precursor
examples of intramembranous ossification
bones of cranial vault and face
