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Biochemistry > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules of living matter?

A

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates

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2
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

RNA/DNA

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3
Q

What are RNA/DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Peptides

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5
Q

What are peptides made up of?

A

Amino Acids

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6
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Triglycerides

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7
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Polysaccharides->Monosaccharides

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9
Q

What does a eukaryotic cell have that a prokaryotic cell does not?

A

Nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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10
Q

What do membranes do (some examples in a cell)?

A

Protect nuclear material
Location for biochemical processes
Energy production in mitochondria
Create a gradient/ separate environments

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11
Q

Where do most biochemical processes in the cell occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

Where are macromolecules made?

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

How is DNA stored in the nucleus (what material)?

A

Chromatin

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14
Q

Where is the site of replication and transcription?

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA made in the cell?

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

Is the nucleolus separated by a membrane?

A

No

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17
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

transcribes, processes and assembles ribosomal subunits

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18
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Determine what goes in and out of the nucleus (very selective)

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19
Q

What type of membrane surrounds the nucleus?

A

The nuclear membrane is a double layered membrane

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20
Q

What gives support to the nuclear membrane (also what anchors to these)?

A

The Lamina gives structure to the nuclear membrane and chromatin anchors to the lamina

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21
Q

Where would you find mature ribosomes?

A

Either in the cytosol or attached to the rough ER

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22
Q

What is the difference between co-translational translocation and post-translational translocation?

A

Co-translational translocation happens if the ribosomes are attached to the rough ER (while translation happens, the peptides go directly into the rough ER)

Post-translational translocation happens when the ribosomes are free in the cytosol (after translation the peptides go to the rough ER)

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23
Q

What does the smooth ER synthesize?

A

Lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones

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24
Q

Where is one place where you would find an abundance of smooth ER?

A

The Liver (detoxification and glycogen breakdown)

25
Q

What does the rough ER do in terms of polypeptide formation?

A

Ensures that the polypeptides get folded correctly

26
Q

What role does the golgi complex play in protein formation?

A

Customizes and modifies proteins (adds oligosaccharides)

Sends the proteins to the right place

27
Q

If a protein is not made correctly, where would the golgi send it to?

A

Lysosome

28
Q

How do lysosomes break down proteins?

A

They use acidic hydrolases and proteases to degrade them (a decrease in pH causes protein degredation)

29
Q

What are the 4 steps to protein degradation in a lysosome?

A
  1. Material mixes with lysosomal enzymes (hydrolases and proteases)
  2. Proton pumps in lysosomal membrane acidify the lysosome
  3. Macromolecules are digested
  4. Small molecules diffuse into the cytoplasm and some are reused
30
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

ATP formation
TCA Cycle (Krebs)
Fatty acid oxidation

31
Q

Which membrane in the mitochondria carries out oxidative reactions?

A

The inner membrane (has many folds or cristae to increase surface area)

32
Q

Where in the mitochondria does Fatty acid oxidation occur?

A

The matrix (deep to the inner membrane)

33
Q

What do peroxisomes do in a cell?

A

Breaks down very large fatty acid chains via beta oxidation

34
Q

What are the three major types of protein filaments in the cytoskeleton of a cell?

A

Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments

35
Q

Where are the microtubules located and what do they do for organelles in the cell?

A

They are located centrally and they position organelles within the cell (like a thumbtack on a bulletin board)

36
Q

Where are intermediate filaments located and what do they do for the cell?

A

They are all throughout the inside of the cell and provide strength and structure for the cell (like the actual bulletin board)

37
Q

Where are microfilaments located and what do they do for the cell?

A

They are the boarder of the cell and create shape for the cell (needed for whole cell movement) (like the wood planks that boarded the bulletin board to keep its shape)

38
Q

What must a material have to enter or exit the nucleus through the pores?

A

A nuclear location sequence

39
Q

What are the 4 non-covalent interactions?

A

ionic interactions
van der waals interactions
hydrogen bonding
hydrophobic bonding

40
Q

What do ionic interactions do for proteins and what is an example of them?

A

They are important for stabilizing folded proteins through salt bridges

41
Q

How do cells create van der waals interactions?

A

Uncharged nonpolar groups are in close proximity to one another (if they repulse - steric, if they attract - london dispersion) (VERY DISTANT DEPENDENT)

42
Q

Why is water such a good solvent?

A

It can accept and donate a proton (can solvate cations (+) and anions (-))

43
Q

What is happening in a hydrogen bond?

A

Hydrogen is being shared between two electro negative atoms (H20)

44
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect?

A

An interaction of non-polar molecules or components of molecules in an aqueous solution
Polar parts are shoving non polar parts
IMPORTANT IN PROTEIN FOLDING
LIPID BILAYERS

45
Q

Does water want to increase or decrease entropy in a solution?

A

Increase (more disorder -like a kid does not like order)

46
Q

How would water increase entropy in a solution that has non polar molecules?

A

It would shove all the non polar compounds together to decrease the amount of organized water molecules surrounding it and therefore increasing the entropy (more thermodynamically favorable)
DESCRIBES LIPID BILAYER/MEMBRANES

47
Q

How would you describe an acid in terms of protons?

A

Acids donate protons while bases accept them

I think of bases like bases on a baseball field they accept the batters/ players and the players are the protons

48
Q

What does water naturally dissociate into?

A

A hydroxide ion (OH-) and a proton (H+)

THIS PROCESS IS REVERSIBLE AND IS CONSTANTLY OCCURING

49
Q

What is the Kw of water (Ion product constant)?

A

55.5M

50
Q

What is the Keq constant?

A

1.8 x (10^-16) M

51
Q

How would you get pH from the concentration of H+?

A

-log(concentration of H+)

52
Q

What must pH and pOH add up to?

A

14

53
Q

What are monoprotic acids?

A

Acids that only release 1 H+ ion

54
Q

Is the weak acid or conjugate base going to predominate when pH is greater than pKa?

A

The conjugate base

55
Q

What does a buffer do in a solution?

A

Allows resistance in changes in pH

56
Q

What does a buffer consist of?

A

A mixture of weak acids and their conjugate bases

57
Q

When is buffering capacity lost in a solution?

A

When the pH differs from the pKa by more than 1 pH unit

58
Q

Write down the Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

A

pH=pKa + log ((concentration of conjugate base)/(concentration of weak acid))

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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