QUIZ #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Orientations of Brain (for humans)
A
Rostral: toward the nose
caudal:back of brain
Dorsal: top of brain
Ventral: towards the jaw
2
Q
Orientations of Spinal Cords and Brain Stem
A
Rostral: toward the brain Stem
Caudal: coccyx (bone @ end of spinal cord)
Dorsal: Towards the back of brainstem or spinal cords
Ventral: Towards abdomen
3
Q
Planes of Selection
A
Sagittal: divides brain in left and right
Midsaggital: divides brain L & R at the center giving you 2 EQUAL parts
Coronal: divides brain in to front and back
Horizontal: divides brain into upper and lower
4
Q
Newborn
A
Normal function: blinking, sucking , swallowing/yawning
Pathologic sign: lack of arousal, high pitch cry (downsydrome)
5
Q
2-3months
A
Normal Function:
- smiles
- makes vowels sounds
- large range of movements of limbs
Pathologic sign:
- convulsions
- hypotonia or hypertonia of neck and limbs
6
Q
4 months
A
Normal function:
- Good head support
- coos and chuckles
- inspects hands
- turns to sounds
Pathologic signs:
- lack of head suppport
- motor deficit
- hypertonia
- lack of social reactions
7
Q
5-6 months
A
Normal Function:
- babbles
- reaches and grasps
- vocalizes and social play
Pathologic sign:
- altered tone
- cannot sit or roll over
- persistent tonic neck reflexes
8
Q
9 months
A
Normal function:
- creeps and pulls to stand
- babbles “mama” “dada”
- drinks from cups
Pathologic sign:
- fails to attain motor, verbal. social milestones
- Hypertonia
9
Q
12 months
A
Normal function:
- may say several single words
- echoes sounds
- tries to feed self
Pathologic Sign:
-failure to attain 12 month milestone
10
Q
15 months
A
Normal Function:
- says several words
- scribbles with crayon
- requests in sounds, music , pictures, toys
Pathologic sign:
- delay in reaching milestones
- abnormalities of tone and posture
11
Q
18 months
A
Normal Function:
- says at least 6 words
- feeds self
- plays nursery rhymes
Pathologic sign:
- cannot walk
- no words
12
Q
24 mos
A
Normal Function:
- says 2 or 3 word sentences
- scribbles
- kicks ball; turns knobs
Pathologic Sign:
- motor
- linguistic
- social adaptive skills
13
Q
Intellectual disability (developmental disability)
A
- umbrella term
- slow in responding/slowness
- significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors
14
Q
Down Syndrome (developmental disability)
A
- high pitch cry
- translocation of chromosome 21
- 3 copies of trisomy 21
15
Q
Fragile X syndrome (developmental disability)
A
- most common cause of intellectual disability
- long arm of X chromosome
16
Q
Williams Syndrome ( developmental disability)
A
- Distinct facial features
- high level of empathy (overly friendly)
- progressive neuro developmental hearing loss
- lose hearing as time goes on
- FLK: funny looking kid
17
Q
childhood autism (developmental disability)
A
- viewed as a communicative/pragmatics disorder
- social communication is impaired
- lack of eye contact
18
Q
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (developmental disability)
A
- early intervention is important because it saves them from frustration, anger, and anxiety
- persistent inattention, chronic hyperactivity & impulsivity
19
Q
3 types of functional neurons
A
- Sensory: helps you keep your balance / more sensory than motor
- Motor:
- Interneurons:
20
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
- largest lobe
- personality characteristics
- decision making & movement
- speech production (Broca’s area)
21
Q
Temporal Lobe
A
-processing for spoken messages
Wernicke’s Area
22
Q
Parietal Lobe
A
- processing somatic
- read & write
23
Q
Occipital Lobe
A
-Processing Visual information
24
Q
What are the things that can go wrong with the nervous system
A
I. poor neurodevelopment II. Strokes III. Tumors IV: Herniations V. Head Injury
25
Poor Nuerodevelopment
- anencephaly
- cranium Bifidum
- spina bifida
- hydrocephalus
- microcephalus
- holoprosencephaly
26
Anencephaly (poor nuerodevel)
- defective fusion of the neural tube
| - cerebral hemispheres are missing or reduced and attached to the skull
27
Cranium Bifidum (poor neurodevel)
-bone fusion due to spinal cord protrusion
28
Spinda Bifida (poor nuerodevel)
-fusion failure at dorsal part of the neural tube
29
Hydrocephalus (poor nuerodevel)
-water build up in the brain
-ventricle enlargement that puts pressure on the brain
two types:
-obstructive hydrocephalus
-nonobstructive hydrocephalus
30
Microcephaly (poor neurodevel)
- small brain
| - uncommon
31
holoprosencephaly (poor neurodevel)
-fails to divide brain into left and right hemispheres
32
strokes
- ischemic
- thrombotic
- embolic
- transient ischemic attacks
- hemorrhagic
- aneurysm
- arteriovenous malformation
- hypoperfusion
33
ischemic (stroke)
- blood supply to the part of the brain is interrupted or reduced
- prevents brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients
34
thrombotic (stroke)
- able to catch from sight
- blood flow to brain blocked by blood cut
- slow gradual starving of air
35
transient ischemic attacks (stroke)
- small strokes that occur throughout the brain
- short lived 24-96 hrs
- RINDs: Reversible Ischemic Neurological Deficit: resolved/last 24hrs
- PRINDs: Partial Reversible Ischemic Neurological deficit
36
Hemorrhagic (stroke)
Extracerebral: outside the brain
- ex: arachnoid hemorrhage in the meninges
- less damaging
Intracerebral: inside the brain / toughest
- cause: high blood pressure
- site: deep within the brain thalamus / basal ganglia / cerebellum / brain stem
37
Aneurysm (stroke)
- budging in the artery until it pops
- commonly found: circle of willis / heart
- aortic aneurysm can lead to voice disorder
38
Arteriovenous malformation. (AVM)
| stroke
- extra growth of arteries and veins that get tangled
| - occur on surface or deep within the brain
39
Hypoperfusion (stroke)
- insufficient blood supply to the brain
- decrease of oxygen
- site: wider shed regions or border zones where oxygen is exchanged by carbon dioxide
40
Primary Tumor
Benign:
- astrocytoma: within brain tissues/grow within years
- meningioma: happens anywhere in the meninges --> 20-5 yrs
Malignant:
-glioblastoma multiforme: survival only 3yrs after surgery
41
Secondary Tumors
metastatic:
| -spreads from where it started to a distant part of the body
42
Herniations
-by tumors or bleeds
-shifts in tissues
-Neuronal Masses pushed into spaces theyre not suppose to be
-4 types:
Subfalcine Herniation
Lateral transtentorial herniation
central transtentorial herniaiton
Tonsillar Herniation
43
Bacterial Infection
Bacterial:
- bacterial meningitis
- bacteria that infect the meninges
- causes neuro probelms
- brain abscess/ fungus - parasite in brain
44
Viral infection
- general central nervous system infection
- environmental viruses
- covid
45
toxins
poison to CNS(central nervous system)
| - anything from drug overdose/tetanus / heavy metal chemical poisoning
46
disease
disorders of cns secondary changes in:
| -metabolism and nutrition
47
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- brain neuron deather
- abrasive insults to brain tissue
Penetrating: (high vs low velocity): skull fractures
- Low --> smash head in dashboard, snowboarding w/o helmet
- high --> bullets
Nonprenetrating: (acceleration vs non acceleration injury
- skull not broken into
- closed head injury
- acceleration: movement angular brain
- non acceleration brain: more localized damage
48
head injury effects
- diffuse axonal injury
- hemorrhage
- surface abrasion/ lacerations
- cerebral swelling, herniation
49
head injury resulting in:
- disrupted blood supply
- disrupted autoregulation of blood pressure
- cerebral vasopasm
- brain ischemia (loss of oxygen in brain tissues)
50
Ways the blood supply interruption may result in aphasia
- stroke: when blood supply to part of brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen & nutrients
- -> thrombotic / embolic/ TIA's
- Head Injury: TBI, Penetrating vs non penetrating injuries, hemorrhage, herniation, cerebral swelling
- brain tumors: unwanted growths and places pressures
- infection: bacterial or viral
- damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain --> Broca's or Wernicke's
51
Meninges
- 3 protective layers of the brain, cerebellum, brains stem and spinal cord
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia Mater
52
Dura Mater (meninges)
- hard mother
- adheres to the skill
- thick and tough fibrous tissues
- composed of 2 fused periosteal meningeal
- layers that split to form sinuses
53
Arachnoid (meninges)
- thin membrane under dura mater
| - bridges cortical surface and Pia mater
54
Pia mater (meninges)
- little mother
- connected to inner most matter, fills mater in space
- thin transparent membrane attached over brain
- follows sulk & gyri of brain
- surrounds blood vessels and forms perivascular space
