Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SLP656-Neuroscience > QUIZ #1 > Flashcards

QUIZ #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Orientations of Brain (for humans)

A

Rostral: toward the nose
caudal:back of brain
Dorsal: top of brain
Ventral: towards the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Orientations of Spinal Cords and Brain Stem

A

Rostral: toward the brain Stem
Caudal: coccyx (bone @ end of spinal cord)
Dorsal: Towards the back of brainstem or spinal cords
Ventral: Towards abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Planes of Selection

A

Sagittal: divides brain in left and right
Midsaggital: divides brain L & R at the center giving you 2 EQUAL parts
Coronal: divides brain in to front and back
Horizontal: divides brain into upper and lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Newborn

A

Normal function: blinking, sucking , swallowing/yawning

Pathologic sign: lack of arousal, high pitch cry (downsydrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2-3months

A

Normal Function:

  • smiles
  • makes vowels sounds
  • large range of movements of limbs

Pathologic sign:

  • convulsions
  • hypotonia or hypertonia of neck and limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 months

A

Normal function:

  • Good head support
  • coos and chuckles
  • inspects hands
  • turns to sounds

Pathologic signs:

  • lack of head suppport
  • motor deficit
  • hypertonia
  • lack of social reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

5-6 months

A

Normal Function:

  • babbles
  • reaches and grasps
  • vocalizes and social play

Pathologic sign:

  • altered tone
  • cannot sit or roll over
  • persistent tonic neck reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

9 months

A

Normal function:

  • creeps and pulls to stand
  • babbles “mama” “dada”
  • drinks from cups

Pathologic sign:

  • fails to attain motor, verbal. social milestones
  • Hypertonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

12 months

A

Normal function:

  • may say several single words
  • echoes sounds
  • tries to feed self

Pathologic Sign:
-failure to attain 12 month milestone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

15 months

A

Normal Function:

  • says several words
  • scribbles with crayon
  • requests in sounds, music , pictures, toys

Pathologic sign:

  • delay in reaching milestones
  • abnormalities of tone and posture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

18 months

A

Normal Function:

  • says at least 6 words
  • feeds self
  • plays nursery rhymes

Pathologic sign:

  • cannot walk
  • no words
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

24 mos

A

Normal Function:

  • says 2 or 3 word sentences
  • scribbles
  • kicks ball; turns knobs

Pathologic Sign:

  • motor
  • linguistic
  • social adaptive skills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intellectual disability (developmental disability)

A
  • umbrella term
  • slow in responding/slowness
  • significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Down Syndrome (developmental disability)

A
  • high pitch cry
  • translocation of chromosome 21
  • 3 copies of trisomy 21
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fragile X syndrome (developmental disability)

A
  • most common cause of intellectual disability

- long arm of X chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Williams Syndrome ( developmental disability)

A
  • Distinct facial features
  • high level of empathy (overly friendly)
  • progressive neuro developmental hearing loss
  • lose hearing as time goes on
  • FLK: funny looking kid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

childhood autism (developmental disability)

A
  • viewed as a communicative/pragmatics disorder
  • social communication is impaired
  • lack of eye contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (developmental disability)

A
  • early intervention is important because it saves them from frustration, anger, and anxiety
  • persistent inattention, chronic hyperactivity & impulsivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 types of functional neurons

A
  1. Sensory: helps you keep your balance / more sensory than motor
  2. Motor:
  3. Interneurons:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • largest lobe
  • personality characteristics
  • decision making & movement
  • speech production (Broca’s area)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

-processing for spoken messages

Wernicke’s Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • processing somatic

- read & write

23
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

-Processing Visual information

24
Q

What are the things that can go wrong with the nervous system

A 
I. poor neurodevelopment 
II. Strokes 
III. Tumors
IV: Herniations 
V. Head Injury
25
Q

Poor Nuerodevelopment

A
  • anencephaly
  • cranium Bifidum
  • spina bifida
  • hydrocephalus
  • microcephalus
  • holoprosencephaly
26
Q

Anencephaly (poor nuerodevel)

A
  • defective fusion of the neural tube

- cerebral hemispheres are missing or reduced and attached to the skull

27
Q

Cranium Bifidum (poor neurodevel)

A

-bone fusion due to spinal cord protrusion

28
Q

Spinda Bifida (poor nuerodevel)

A

-fusion failure at dorsal part of the neural tube

29
Q

Hydrocephalus (poor nuerodevel)

A

-water build up in the brain
-ventricle enlargement that puts pressure on the brain
two types:
-obstructive hydrocephalus
-nonobstructive hydrocephalus

30
Q

Microcephaly (poor neurodevel)

A
  • small brain

- uncommon

31
Q

holoprosencephaly (poor neurodevel)

A

-fails to divide brain into left and right hemispheres

32
Q

strokes

A
  • ischemic
  • thrombotic
  • embolic
  • transient ischemic attacks
  • hemorrhagic
  • aneurysm
  • arteriovenous malformation
  • hypoperfusion
33
Q

ischemic (stroke)

A
  • blood supply to the part of the brain is interrupted or reduced
  • prevents brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients
34
Q

thrombotic (stroke)

A
  • able to catch from sight
  • blood flow to brain blocked by blood cut
  • slow gradual starving of air
35
Q

transient ischemic attacks (stroke)

A
  • small strokes that occur throughout the brain
  • short lived 24-96 hrs
  • RINDs: Reversible Ischemic Neurological Deficit: resolved/last 24hrs
  • PRINDs: Partial Reversible Ischemic Neurological deficit
36
Q

Hemorrhagic (stroke)

A

Extracerebral: outside the brain

  • ex: arachnoid hemorrhage in the meninges
  • less damaging

Intracerebral: inside the brain / toughest

  • cause: high blood pressure
  • site: deep within the brain thalamus / basal ganglia / cerebellum / brain stem
37
Q

Aneurysm (stroke)

A
  • budging in the artery until it pops
  • commonly found: circle of willis / heart
  • aortic aneurysm can lead to voice disorder
38
Q

Arteriovenous malformation. (AVM)

stroke

A
  • extra growth of arteries and veins that get tangled

- occur on surface or deep within the brain

39
Q

Hypoperfusion (stroke)

A
  • insufficient blood supply to the brain
  • decrease of oxygen
  • site: wider shed regions or border zones where oxygen is exchanged by carbon dioxide
40
Q

Primary Tumor

A

Benign:

  • astrocytoma: within brain tissues/grow within years
  • meningioma: happens anywhere in the meninges –> 20-5 yrs

Malignant:
-glioblastoma multiforme: survival only 3yrs after surgery

41
Q

Secondary Tumors

A

metastatic:

-spreads from where it started to a distant part of the body

42
Q

Herniations

A

-by tumors or bleeds
-shifts in tissues
-Neuronal Masses pushed into spaces theyre not suppose to be
-4 types:
Subfalcine Herniation
Lateral transtentorial herniation
central transtentorial herniaiton
Tonsillar Herniation

43
Q

Bacterial Infection

A

Bacterial:

  • bacterial meningitis
  • bacteria that infect the meninges
  • causes neuro probelms
  • brain abscess/ fungus - parasite in brain
44
Q

Viral infection

A
  • general central nervous system infection
  • environmental viruses
  • covid
45
Q

toxins

A

poison to CNS(central nervous system)

- anything from drug overdose/tetanus / heavy metal chemical poisoning

46
Q

disease

A

disorders of cns secondary changes in:

-metabolism and nutrition

47
Q

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A
  • brain neuron deather
  • abrasive insults to brain tissue

Penetrating: (high vs low velocity): skull fractures

  • Low –> smash head in dashboard, snowboarding w/o helmet
  • high –> bullets

Nonprenetrating: (acceleration vs non acceleration injury

  • skull not broken into
  • closed head injury
  • acceleration: movement angular brain
  • non acceleration brain: more localized damage
48
Q

head injury effects

A
  • diffuse axonal injury
  • hemorrhage
  • surface abrasion/ lacerations
  • cerebral swelling, herniation
49
Q

head injury resulting in:

A
  • disrupted blood supply
  • disrupted autoregulation of blood pressure
  • cerebral vasopasm
  • brain ischemia (loss of oxygen in brain tissues)
50
Q

Ways the blood supply interruption may result in aphasia

A
  • stroke: when blood supply to part of brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen & nutrients
  • -> thrombotic / embolic/ TIA’s
  • Head Injury: TBI, Penetrating vs non penetrating injuries, hemorrhage, herniation, cerebral swelling
  • brain tumors: unwanted growths and places pressures
  • infection: bacterial or viral
  • damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain –> Broca’s or Wernicke’s
51
Q

Meninges

A
  • 3 protective layers of the brain, cerebellum, brains stem and spinal cord
    1. Dura mater
    2. Arachnoid
    3. Pia Mater
52
Q

Dura Mater (meninges)

A
  • hard mother
  • adheres to the skill
  • thick and tough fibrous tissues
  • composed of 2 fused periosteal meningeal
  • layers that split to form sinuses
53
Q

Arachnoid (meninges)

A
  • thin membrane under dura mater

- bridges cortical surface and Pia mater

54
Q

Pia mater (meninges)

A
  • little mother
  • connected to inner most matter, fills mater in space
  • thin transparent membrane attached over brain
  • follows sulk & gyri of brain
  • surrounds blood vessels and forms perivascular space

SLP656-Neuroscience (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions