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LS > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is there a universal definition of crime?

A

No

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2
Q

What is a common characteristic of legal definitions of crime?

A

It is a violation of criminal law

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3
Q

Crime is a ______ concept and a ______ concept

A

Social constructed and normative

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4
Q

What are the two types of offences

A

Summary and Indictable

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5
Q

what is a summary offence

A

less serious offence such as theft under 5000, impersonating a police officer, etc.

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6
Q

what is an indictable offence

A

serious offence, e.g., murder, assault

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7
Q

conventional crimes

A

those committed by individuals or small groups in which some degree of direct or indirect contact offucrs

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8
Q

non-conventional crimes

A

not necessarily pursued by the criminal justice system because they are often committed under cover of official positions and are not usually punished (organized crime, political crime, etc.)

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9
Q

deviance

A

a wide range of behaviours that violate a social norm but are not necessarily prohibited by law, e.g., butting in line at a supermarket or cutting off another driver

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10
Q

decriminalization

A

the reductions or removal of criminal penalties to an act without legalizing it

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11
Q

what does it mean by crime is relative

A

what is defined as crime can vary with time and location

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12
Q

what does it mean that crime is evolutive

A

the characteristics of a crime can change, taking different forms over time

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13
Q

consensus crimes

A

activities that are generally considered very harmful for which there is storng support for sanctioning and contorlling them

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14
Q

conflict crimes

A

activities that are not universally considered crimes, even though they are legally defined as such

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15
Q

social deviations

A

behaviours considered disreputable in certain social settings and thus regulated

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16
Q

social diversions

A

minor forms of deviance, such as unconventional dress or use of offensive language, relatively harmless and not subject to regulation

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17
Q

objective of criminology

A

the development of a body of general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge

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18
Q

what kind of science is criminology

A

interdisciplinary

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19
Q

what is a criminologist

A

behaviourist scientist who specializes int eh identification, classification, and description of criminal behaviour

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20
Q

who was Radzinowicz

A

early advocate of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of criminology

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21
Q

5 functions of the criminal justice system

A

investigate criminal offences, lay charges, determine guilt or innocence, sentence those found guilty, administer the sentence

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22
Q

what did people think about deviance before the enlightenment

A

people thought those who were deviant were possessed so they needed to be punished severly and publicly

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23
Q

what does the classical school of thought believe

A

criminals act out of free will, not possessed but behave in self-interest

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24
Q

issue with classical school of thought?

A

it was more so philosophy not criminology reform

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25
Q

What did Beccaria and Bentham argue for

A

penal reform on humanitarian and philosophical principles

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26
Q

What happened in the late 19th century

A

term criminology entered the scientific discourse

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27
Q

what happened in the early 20th c

A

Maurice Parmelee published the first criminology textbook. Sutherland published principles of criminology

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28
Q

etiology

A

study of the origins or causes of a phenomenon

29
Q

what happens in the subarea of criminal statistics

A

researchers rely on crime data to understand and predict criminal behaviour and to assess the impact of crime prevention or intervention programs

30
Q

what is scientific evidence

A

data that can be repeatedly observed and measured ot test theories for their validity and reliability

31
Q

What is the sociology of law concerned with

A

the origins of law and legal thought

32
Q

What do sociology of law specialists examine

A

how various economic, political, and social forces have influenced the formalization of social control and social order

33
Q

What is the study of etiology concerned with in terms of crime

A

causes of crime, its rates and trends, predicting behaviour, whether its groups or individuals

34
Q

explain the scientific method

A

observing criminal behaviour, collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing their ability to predict similar behaviour

35
Q

What do typologies do

A

a way of trying to understand and organize criminal behaviour, different types of crime have different causal explanations

36
Q

three formal elements of the CJS

A

police, courts, corrections

37
Q

what is victimiology

A

study of the relationships between criminals and their victims as well as the victim and the CJS

38
Q

What did Hentig posit about victimization

A

victims contribute to their own victimization through their lifestyle, mannerisms, or other forms of behaviour and expressions

39
Q

what is the view of the biology perspective

A

certain human traits are biological or hard-wired or that certain crimes are a function of chemical, genetic, or neurological aberrations

40
Q

what does the view of economics posit

A

many studies have demonstrated links between unemployment, economic recession, capitalism, and crime

41
Q

what does the theory of geography and the environment posit

A

Criminologists seeking to predict crime have developed sophisticated models and theories based on a wide range of environmental factors, form barometric pressure and even phases of the moon, to the physical appearance and layout of a business, residence, social areas, or community

42
Q

what does the approach of political science posit

A

Political decisions regarding criminal justice have a direct impact on the community at large

43
Q

what does the theory of psychology posit

A

look at differences in personality and mental characteristics between criminals and others, how individual criminal behaviour is acquired, evoked, and maintained

44
Q

sociology perspective

A

the effects of that interaction on human behaviour, as well as the forces (such as values, norms, mores, and laws) that underlie regularities in human behaviour

45
Q

what does an interdisciplinary approach to criminology attempt to do

A

take all perspective into account, integrating the competing notions of crime as a product of free will and a product of various external and internal factors

46
Q

crime rate

A

number of criminal offences in a category, recording in a fixed ratio like per 100000 people

47
Q

what is our perspective of crime influenced by

A

the way we have been socialized, by our individual psychological makeup, and even by such biological factors as diet and environmental conditions

48
Q

rationalism

A

the principle that some kinds of knowledge are innate, and others can be acquired through reasoning, independent of experience

49
Q

Empiricism

A

the principle that knowledge is acquired only through experience

50
Q

paradigm shift

A

a fundamental change in the prevailing model or theoretical orientation. When the prevailing model is overwhelmed by new findings, the discipline experiences a paradigm shift

51
Q

5 ways of acquiring knowledge on crime

A

logical reasoning, authority, consensus, observation, past experience

52
Q

how logical reasoning affects our knowledge on crimq

A

we form conclusions based on what we believe ot be logical speculation, however, our reasoning may be undermined by such as factors as limited knowledge, our personal biases, and our capacity to ignore contradictions in our thinking

53
Q

authority and knowledge on crim

A

when an authority says that something is so, we often accept it as fact, we can use an expert to affirm our belief which lends credit to it. However, we tend to seek out experts who we can identify and views that align with our own

54
Q

consensus and knowledge on crime

A

we often rely on the wisdom of our peer group, the people who make up that group are likely to to be people who have come together because they share a common view

55
Q

observation and knowledge on crime

A

seeing things for ourselves instead of relying on second-hand information or opinions of others

56
Q

past experience and crime knowledge

A

most common support for our suppositions, draw on prior experiences to confirm our assumptions

57
Q

4 factors that shape public perceptions

A

personal knowledge, mass media, official state knowledge, theoretical knowledge

58
Q

how personal knowledge shapes public perceptions

A

the public has a voice in decisions about the administration of criminal justice, the government in poewr has a vested interest in responding ot the public’s will

59
Q

net-widening

A

the process by which the state expands its control over behaviour through changes to sentencing laws and administrative policies

60
Q

how mass media shapes public perceptions

A

research suggests that media reporting is not reflective of actual crime relates and media is often responsible for moral panic

61
Q

Moral panic, who is often accused of causing it

A

widespread, exaggerated public concern over issues associated with morality, new media have sometimes been accused of causing moral panic by publishing sensationalistic accounts of certain issues

62
Q

Mass media moral panics

A

A condition, episode, person or group of person emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests

Tend to involve youth

Youth violence, gangs, drugs, harmful effects of mass media

63
Q

folk devils

A

external threats to established values and institutions

64
Q

claim makers

A

Individuals who identify those social problems, typically are politicians or media figures how draw attention to an issue
They construct the social problem in a certain way and create the moral panic

65
Q

conflict theory

A

a theoretical perspective that views crime as a natural product of a society that promotes competition and, hence, social and economic disparity

66
Q

left-realism

A

a theoretical perspective that aims to better understand the implications of crime control policies rather than the causes of crime

67
Q

limitations of official data

A

reliability, validity, sampling, random error, systematic error, crime funnel

68
Q

juristat

A

a regular publication of the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, considered the most authoritative source of criminal justice statistics in Canada

LS (2 decks)

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