Quiz 1 Flashcards
Monogamy
Animals that consort with one mate only, usually for their entire lifespan.
Ex: Seahorses, gray wolves, macaroni penguins, etc.
Conditions that favor monogamy
1) Spatial & temporal distribution of females
2) Parental care costs and benefits
3) Offspring need
4) Infanticide
5) Costs and benefits of multiple mating
6) Mate competition
7) Paternity assurance
8) The potential for mate guarding
9) Resource uses
Polygyny
Males that consort with more than one female at a time.
Ex: Elephant seals, lions, gorillas, etc.
Conditions that favor polygyny
Populations with higher ratio of males, who want to reproduce as much as possible, are less “choosy” and mate with many females
Polyandry
Females that consort with more than one male at a time.
Ex: Spotted sandpipers, phalaropes, jacanas
Polyandry
Females that consort with more than one male at a time.
Ex: Spotted sandpipers, phalaropes, jacanas
Conditions that favor polyandry
Females compete for mates while the males perform all/most parental duties.
Conditions that favor polyandry
Females compete for mates while the males perform all/most parental duties.
Promiscuity
Animals having multiple sexual partners.
Heterotrophic
Feed by consuming other organisms, digesting food in an internal chamber.
Radial Symmetry
Having a plane of symmetry about each diameter (like a pizza)
Bilateral Symmetry
Type of symmetry in which a central axis divides the body into two sides that are mirror images of each other. Development of the head led to motivated, specialized motion.
Diploblastic
Having only two germ layers.
Ex: Endoderm and ectoderm
Triploblastic
Embryos with three primary germ layers.
Endoderm
Primary germ layer in embryo of multicellular animals that gives rise to digestive tract, respiratory tract, and associated glandular epithelium.
Mesoderm
One of the three germ layers in triploblastic animals. Forms the layer of cells lying between ectoderm and endoderm in the gastrula, and gives rise to muscle and connective tissues. In vertebrates is becomes blood, the vascular system and heart, kidney, and skin dermis.
Ectoderm
Primary germ layer in embryo of multicellular animals that give rise to epidermis and nervous system.
Acoelomate
Animals not having a true coelom.
Ex: sponges, sea anemones, corals, etc.
Pseudocoelomate
animals whose body cavity is pseudocoelom and not a true coelom.
Coelom (Coelomates)
Body cavity in animals that houses gonads, excretory organs, and opens to the exterior.
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells that develops from the morula in embryogenesis in many animals.
Gastrulation
Early stage in animal embryogensisis involving extensive cell movements and reshaping embryo. Endoderm and mesoderm move inside and forms gut cavity.
Archenteron
Cavity formed at gastrulation which develops into the gut of the embryo.
What makes an organism an animal?
1) Eukaryotic, multicellular, lacks cell wall
2) Capable of locomotion
3) Heterotrophic
4) Oxygen used in metabolism
What makes an organism an animal?
1) Eukaryotic, multicellular, lacks cell wall
2) Capable of locomotion
3) Heterotrophic
4) Oxygen used in metabolism
5) Produce haploid gametes
6) Blastula stage
* * At some point in their lifespan **
What makes an organism an animal?
1) Eukaryotic, multicellular, lacks cell wall
2) Capable of locomotion
3) Heterotrophic
4) Oxygen used in metabolism
5) Produce haploid gametes
6) Blastula stage
* * At some point in their lifespan **
Why is the Cambrian Explosion important?
This is when the body plans of major groups of modern animals appeared.
Major benefits of having a true coelom
1) Room for organ development
2) Increases surface area for diffusion in and out of organs
3) Storage area
4) Can function as hydrostatic skeleton
5) Provides manner for waste elimination and release of reproductive products from body
6) Allows increased body size
Major benefits of having a true coelom
1) Room for organ development
2) Increases surface area for diffusion in and out of organs
3) Storage area
4) Can function as hydrostatic skeleton
5) Provides manner for waste elimination and release of reproductive products from body
6) Allows increased body size
How does body cavity improve motion function?
It provides a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing muscles to grow independently of body wall.
How does body cavity improve motion function?
It provides a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing muscles to grow independently of body wall.
Zygote
Diploid cell formed from the union of two gametes, from which a new individual eventually forms.
Morula
Single globular mass of cells that’s the product of the first rounds of cell division of a zygote.
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells that develops from the morula in embryogenisis.
Gastrula (with archenteron)
Animal embryo when undergoing gastrulation.
Gastrula (with archenteron)
Animal embryo when undergoing gastrulation.
Phylogenetic species concept
Smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life (uses morphology and genetics)
Analogy
Similarities among species that are necessary to serve the same function. Do not provide evidence for a common ancestor.
**Structural similarity is necessary for the function **
Ex: wings on birds, bees, etc.
Analogy
Similarities among species that are necessary to serve the same function. Do not provide evidence for a common ancestor.
**Structural similarity is necessary for the function **
Ex: wings on birds, bees, etc.
Homology
Similarities among species that are not necessary to serve the same function. Does provide evidence for a common ancestor.
**Result of descent with modification = characteristic with underlying similarity, yet different functions **
Ex: Bone structure of human arms, whale flippers, bat wings, etc. among mammals
