Quiz #1 Flashcards
what is the definition of logic
the science of right thinking and art of reason
who was called the father of logic
Aristotle
who layed the groundwork for modern symbolic logic
Chrysippus
give the name of one philosopher who made advances in symbolic logic
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
who pioneered the theories about induction that we study today
John Gottfried Leibniz
Give the names of three people whose names are associated with modern kinds of mathematical logic
Gottlob Frege, AlfredNorth and Bertrand Russell
what are the two main branches of logic
formal and material
explain formal logic (the first branch) and describe it
formal logic leads us from one truth to another
explain material logic (the second branch) and describe it
material logic looks at how valid an argument is and uses truth as a secondary source
true or false? the purpose of formal logic is to discover truth
false
true or false? it is necessary to have logic in order to discover truth
false
true or false? logic leads us from one truth to another
true
true or false? a statement can be true or false
true
true or false? a statement can be valid or invalid
false
true or false? an argument can be true or false
false
true or false? an argument can be valid or invalid
true
true or false? truth is only of secondary consideration in formal logic
false
define truth
the correspondence of a statement to reality
what dose it mean to say an argument is valid
an argument is valid when its conclusion follows logically from its premises
define soundness
the soundness term is used to indicate that all premises in an argument are true and that the argument is valid
true or false? an argument can contain true premises and be invalid
true
true or false? an argument can resound and contain false premises
false
true or false?a sound argument must be sound
true
true or false? a valid argument must be sound
true
true or false? an argument with true premises can be unsound
true
true or false? an argument can contain only one premise
false
Premise or conclusion? All men are mortal
Premise
Premise or conclusion? Socrates is a man
Premise
Premise or conclusion? Therefore, Socrates is mortal
Conclusion
each of these logical processes or mental acts originates in a _______ and manifests in the form of a ______
Simple apprehension & Term
what’s is the mental act involved in the first of the three kinds of logical processes
simple apprehension
what is the verbal expression connected to the mental act of simple apprehension
term
what occurs in our minds when we have a simple apprehension
we recognize something
if you think of a book and have the concept in your mind you are having a simple apprehension. what is the term you would use to venally express this particular simple apprehension
book
name the terms included in the fallowing argument. All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Men, mortal and Socrates
what do terms represent
a concept that we have transformed into a word
what is the mental act involved in the second of the three kinds of logical processes
Judgment
what is the verbal expression connected to the mental act of judgment
proposition
what occurs in our minds when we perform judgment
when we think something is not something else
if you think a book is boring. what is the term you use to verbal express judgment
boring
indicate the propositions in this argument.All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
“All men are mortal”, “Socrates is a man” and “socrates is mortal.”
what do propositions represent
a thought in our mind a thought that something is something else
what is the mental act involved in the third kind of logical process
Deductive inference
what is the verbal expression of deductive inference
Syllogism
what occurs in out minds when we engage in deductive inference
the way we connect terms to a conclusion and decide if it follows the premises or not
