Quiz 1 Flashcards
Greco-Roman Concept of Time
- Cyclical Time
1) Golden Age
2) Degeneration
3) Cataclysm
4) Divine Intervention
Judeo-Christian Concept of Time
- Linear Time
- Clear beginning and end
Idea of Decline
Steady degeneration starting at the beginning of time; fatalistic view of human history
Idea of Progress
Took place during the Renaissance and Enlightenment; humanism and individualism
Deep Time
Concept that the earth is billions of years old
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
- Proposed Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
1) All organisms have needs
2) Needs lead to habitual behaviors
3) Differential use of body parts
4) Theory of use and disuse
5) Inheritance of acquired traits
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
- Proposed evolution and mechanism via natural selection
Concepts of evolution and natural selection
1) Offspring resemble parents due to inherited traits
2) Variation exists among all populations of living organisms
3) All organisms have the innate ability to overpopulate their environments
4) Competition exists due to overpopulation
5) The organisms who compete the best have more success at reproduction
Logic of Darwin’s Theory
1) Populations can increase exponentially
2) Populations are stable in nature
3) Natural Resources are limited
4) Variation
5) Heredity
Inferences made from Darwin’s Theory
1) There is a struggle for existence in nature and only some survive
2) Survival is not random and depends on favorability of traits
3) Individuals with favorable traits survive and pass them on
Adaption
- A trait that is the result of selection
- Heritable features that enhance fitness increase in frequency in succeeding generations
Homologous Structures
- Similarities in anatomy based upon common ancestry
- Divergent evolution
Analogous Structures
- Body parts that differ in structure but have similar functions in species with different
ancestry - Convergent evolution
Ethology
The study of animal behavior with emphasis on the behavioral patterns that occur in natural environments
Niko Tinbergen
- Proposed behavior as a product of evolution
- Tinbergen created 4 questions to identify traits
Tinbergen’s Four Questions
1) Adaption: What is its function?
2) Mechanism: How does the trait work?
3) Ontogeny: What is its development?
4) Phylogeny: What is its evolution?
Proximate Questions
Address the genetic and physiological mechanisms that produce the trait (Adaption/Mechanism)
Ultimate Questions
Address the evolutionary significance of the trait (Ontogeny/Phylogeny)
Components of a Nucleotide
- Sugar
- Phosphate
- Nitrogenous base
Purines
- Double ring
- Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
- Single ring
- Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
Protein Synthesis Components
Transcription and Translation
Transcription
- Takes place in the nucleus
- mRNA is created based on a template strand of DNA
- Introns spliced before mRNA enters cytoplasm
Translation
- Takes place in the cytoplasm
- mRNA joins with ribosome and tRNA drops off appropriate amino acids based on codon sequence
Locus
A specific location on a string of DNA
Mendel’s Laws
- Principle of Dominance
- Principle of Segregation
- Principle of Independent Assortment
Principle of Dominance
Homozygous or heterozygous; one allele or the other and never blending
Principle of Segregation
- Paired genes separate during meiosis
- Only one allele passed down with equal chance
Principle of Independent Assortment
Genes assort independently because they are located on different chromosomes; recombination
Genetic Imprinting
Inheritance of different methylation patterns
Forces of Evolution
- Natural Selection
- Genetic Drift
- Gene Flow
- Non-random mating
- Mutation
Natural Selection
- Acts of genetic variation
- Alleles that increase fitness will be selected
- Individuals with fit alleles survive
Types of selection
- Directional
- Stabilizing
- Disruptive
Genetic drift
- Change in allele frequency due to chance
- Decreases genetic diversity
- Founder effect
- Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
- Movement of alleles from an original population to a new population
- Alleles not carried will be lost
- Rare alleles in original population can become more common in the new population
Bottleneck effect
Random events that can drastically reduce a population; loss of genetic variability
Non-random mating
- Assortative mating based on traits
- Positive: Pick similar traits for mate, increasing homozygous genotypes
- Negative: Pick opposite traits for mate, increasing heterozygous genotypes
Mutation
- A change in DNA that is the source of new variation
- Frequency of mutational events is very low
Types of mutation
- Duplication
- Inversion
- Deletion
- Insertion (Multiple chromosomes)
- Translocation (Multiple chromosomes)
- Point mutation: Change in a single nucleotide
- Silent Mutation: A point mutation that codes for the same amino acid
Gene
A series of nucleotides
Allele
Variant of a gene
Phenotype
Physical/functional expression of the genotype
Genotype
Alleles carried by an individual
Polygenetic traits
Multiple genes contribute to the expression of the genotype
Pleiotropic traits
Single gene influences how multiple genes will be expressed
Mendelian trait
- Single gene solely determines a single trait
- Clear dominant or recessive condition; no blending
