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AANT 211 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Greco-Roman Concept of Time

A
  • Cyclical Time

1) Golden Age
2) Degeneration
3) Cataclysm
4) Divine Intervention

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2
Q

Judeo-Christian Concept of Time

A
  • Linear Time

- Clear beginning and end

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3
Q

Idea of Decline

A

Steady degeneration starting at the beginning of time; fatalistic view of human history

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4
Q

Idea of Progress

A

Took place during the Renaissance and Enlightenment; humanism and individualism

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5
Q

Deep Time

A

Concept that the earth is billions of years old

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6
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A
  • Proposed Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

1) All organisms have needs
2) Needs lead to habitual behaviors
3) Differential use of body parts
4) Theory of use and disuse
5) Inheritance of acquired traits

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7
Q

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

A
  • Proposed evolution and mechanism via natural selection
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8
Q

Concepts of evolution and natural selection

A

1) Offspring resemble parents due to inherited traits
2) Variation exists among all populations of living organisms
3) All organisms have the innate ability to overpopulate their environments
4) Competition exists due to overpopulation
5) The organisms who compete the best have more success at reproduction

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9
Q

Logic of Darwin’s Theory

A

1) Populations can increase exponentially
2) Populations are stable in nature
3) Natural Resources are limited
4) Variation
5) Heredity

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10
Q

Inferences made from Darwin’s Theory

A

1) There is a struggle for existence in nature and only some survive
2) Survival is not random and depends on favorability of traits
3) Individuals with favorable traits survive and pass them on

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11
Q

Adaption

A
  • A trait that is the result of selection

- Heritable features that enhance fitness increase in frequency in succeeding generations

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12
Q

Homologous Structures

A
  • Similarities in anatomy based upon common ancestry

- Divergent evolution

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13
Q

Analogous Structures

A
  • Body parts that differ in structure but have similar functions in species with different
    ancestry
  • Convergent evolution
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14
Q

Ethology

A

The study of animal behavior with emphasis on the behavioral patterns that occur in natural environments

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15
Q

Niko Tinbergen

A
  • Proposed behavior as a product of evolution

- Tinbergen created 4 questions to identify traits

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16
Q

Tinbergen’s Four Questions

A

1) Adaption: What is its function?
2) Mechanism: How does the trait work?
3) Ontogeny: What is its development?
4) Phylogeny: What is its evolution?

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17
Q

Proximate Questions

A

Address the genetic and physiological mechanisms that produce the trait (Adaption/Mechanism)

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18
Q

Ultimate Questions

A

Address the evolutionary significance of the trait (Ontogeny/Phylogeny)

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19
Q

Components of a Nucleotide

A
  • Sugar
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous base
20
Q

Purines

A
  • Double ring

- Adenine and Guanine

21
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • Single ring

- Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

22
Q

Protein Synthesis Components

A

Transcription and Translation

23
Q

Transcription

A
  • Takes place in the nucleus
  • mRNA is created based on a template strand of DNA
  • Introns spliced before mRNA enters cytoplasm
24
Q

Translation

A
  • Takes place in the cytoplasm

- mRNA joins with ribosome and tRNA drops off appropriate amino acids based on codon sequence

25
Q

Locus

A

A specific location on a string of DNA

26
Q

Mendel’s Laws

A
  • Principle of Dominance
  • Principle of Segregation
  • Principle of Independent Assortment
27
Q

Principle of Dominance

A

Homozygous or heterozygous; one allele or the other and never blending

28
Q

Principle of Segregation

A
  • Paired genes separate during meiosis

- Only one allele passed down with equal chance

29
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

Genes assort independently because they are located on different chromosomes; recombination

30
Q

Genetic Imprinting

A

Inheritance of different methylation patterns

31
Q

Forces of Evolution

A
  • Natural Selection
  • Genetic Drift
  • Gene Flow
  • Non-random mating
  • Mutation
32
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Acts of genetic variation
  • Alleles that increase fitness will be selected
  • Individuals with fit alleles survive
33
Q

Types of selection

A
  • Directional
  • Stabilizing
  • Disruptive
34
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • Change in allele frequency due to chance
  • Decreases genetic diversity
  • Founder effect
  • Bottleneck effect
35
Q

Founder effect

A
  • Movement of alleles from an original population to a new population
  • Alleles not carried will be lost
  • Rare alleles in original population can become more common in the new population
36
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Random events that can drastically reduce a population; loss of genetic variability

37
Q

Non-random mating

A
  • Assortative mating based on traits
  • Positive: Pick similar traits for mate, increasing homozygous genotypes
  • Negative: Pick opposite traits for mate, increasing heterozygous genotypes
38
Q

Mutation

A
  • A change in DNA that is the source of new variation

- Frequency of mutational events is very low

39
Q

Types of mutation

A
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Deletion
  • Insertion (Multiple chromosomes)
  • Translocation (Multiple chromosomes)
  • Point mutation: Change in a single nucleotide
  • Silent Mutation: A point mutation that codes for the same amino acid
40
Q

Gene

A

A series of nucleotides

41
Q

Allele

A

Variant of a gene

42
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical/functional expression of the genotype

43
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles carried by an individual

44
Q

Polygenetic traits

A

Multiple genes contribute to the expression of the genotype

45
Q

Pleiotropic traits

A

Single gene influences how multiple genes will be expressed

46
Q

Mendelian trait

A
  • Single gene solely determines a single trait

- Clear dominant or recessive condition; no blending

AANT 211 (1 decks)

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