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AANT 409 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Great Chain of Being

A
  • Recasting of Aristotle’s Scala Naturae in Judeo-Christian themes
  • Hierarchical organization of all life forms
  • Organisms fixed in position on the chain
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2
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A
  • Swedish botanist; developed comprehensive classification system for all known plants and animals
  • Binomial Nomenclature
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3
Q

Linnaean System

A

Classification system based on similarities among physical characteristics of species

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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classification

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5
Q

Taxon (plural: taxa)

A

group of organisms in a taxonomy

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6
Q

Linnaean Hierarchy

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order

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7
Q

Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707-1788)

A

French naturalist who proposed species are created via modifications of their original form by environmental factors after creation

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8
Q

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

A
  • French naturalist who discovered extinction

- Proposed catastrophism

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9
Q

Catastrophism

A

Fossils represented species that had gone extinct in cataclysms

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10
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

A

Proposed that ‘use and disuse’ of traits is what drove changes in organismal characteristics through time, ultimately resulting in new species

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11
Q

Principles of Natural Selection

A
  1. Traits vary within a population
  2. Traits are heritable
  3. Individuals with traits that allow them to survive and reproduce pass those traits on to the next generation
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12
Q

James Hutton (1726-1797)

A
  • Argued that features of ancient rocks could be explained by processes that were operating today, but happen very slowly
  • Discoveries supported Deep Time (Earth was very old)
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13
Q

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

A
  • Proposed uniformitarianism; geological processes have always occurred at uniform rates
  • Discoveries supported Deep Time (Earth was very old)
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14
Q

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

A
  • Wrote ‘Population’ that emphasized a struggle for existence; populations expand faster than their resources
  • Inspired Darwin’s theory of natural selection
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15
Q

Natural Selection

A

The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotypes (physical traits)

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16
Q

‘On the Origin of Species’

A
  • Published in 1859; presented evidence that evolution had occurred
  • Explained evolutionary change occurs via natural selection
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17
Q

Evolution

A

Change in the allele frequencies (old: heritable characteristics) of biological populations over successive generations

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18
Q

Blending Inheritance

A
  • 19th century model of inheritance
  • Physical characteristics of offspring were a uniform blend of parents
  • Refuted: After all traits have been ‘blended’ all variation disappears
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19
Q

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

A
  • Augustinian monk who worked out the rules governing the inheritance of traits
  • Each trait controlled by single gene
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20
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic signal

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21
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression (morphology) of the genotype

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22
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring that codes for a particular trait

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23
Q

Allele

A

One or more alternative forms of a gene

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24
Q

Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

A

1) Genes are the units of inheritance
2) Phenotype is distinct from genotype. Phenotypes are outcomes of genetic/environmental factors.
3) Evolution is a change in the genetic structure of populations due to mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection. Individuals do not evolve, populations do.
4) Speciation results from a gradual accumulation of small genetic changes
5) All organisms form a phylogeny that emerged by the branching of common ancestors into diverse lineages via speciation.

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25
Q

Four forces of evolution

A

1) Mutation
2) Gene Flow
3) Genetic Drift
4) Natural Selection

All are stochastic except for natural selection which is deterministic

26
Q

Mutation

A

Appearance of new alleles

27
Q

Point Mutation

A

Change in single base pair

28
Q

Substitution

A

Codon swapped for another codon

29
Q

Inversion

A

Codon inverted

30
Q

Insertion

A

Insertion of a single base pair that shifts the entire sequence (frameshift)

31
Q

Deletion

A

Remove of a single base pair that shifts the entire sequence (frameshift)

32
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  • Random changes in alllele frequencies
  • Small population sizes
  • Founder effect & bottleneck effect
33
Q

Directional Selection

A

Selection for one phenotypes over the others causing phenotype frequencies to shift in one direction

34
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution

35
Q

Sexual Selection

A
  • Female choice

- Male-male competition

36
Q

Systematics

A

The study and classification of organisms to reconstruct their evolutionary relationships with one another

37
Q

Linnaean Taxonomy

A

Reflects phylogeny

38
Q

Clade

A

A group of organisms that is monophyletic (composed of a common ancestor and all its descendants)

39
Q

Monophyletic Taxon

A

Includes all the descendants of a particular common ancestor

40
Q

Polyphyletic Taxon

A

Includes species that do not exclusively share a common ancestor

41
Q

Paraphyletic Taxon

A

Includes some (but not all) of the descendants from a particular ancestor

42
Q

Analogous Traits

A

Similar structures that evolved independently (convergent evolution)

43
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Distantly related species evolve similar features to serve the same function (E.g. bird and bat wings)

44
Q

Homologous Traits

A

Shared traits that were inherited from a common ancestor

45
Q

Primitive traits

A

Uninformative for sorting out relationships

46
Q

Derived traits

A

Evolved in the lineage leading up to a clade and sets members of that clade apart from others

47
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A derived trait shared among taxa

48
Q

Autapomorphy

A

A derived trait unique to a single taxon

49
Q

Cladograms

A

Arrange taxa by relatedness, not ancestry-descent

50
Q

Anagenetic Speciation

A

Unbranching lineage of species through geological time

51
Q

Cladogenetic Speciation

A

Branching of different species through geological time

52
Q

Molecular Clock

A

A systematic accumulation of genetic change (E.g. mutations) that can be used to estimate the time of divergence between two taxa

53
Q

Sexual Dichromatism

A

Sex differences in coloration

54
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Sex differences in body size or weaponry

55
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Reproductively isolated breeding populations

56
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Phenotypically distinct evolutionary lineages

57
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

Populations occupying unique ecological niches

58
Q

Lineage splitting over time

A

Ecological > Morphological > Biological

59
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Speciation through geographic isolation

60
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation in the same geographic location

AANT 409 (2 decks)

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