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Rad Anat III > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 steps of Evaluation?

A

1) Identify the study (anatomy, number of films etc)
2) Information (patients age, gender, position)
3) Collimation (sheilding/artifacts)
4) Film Quality (contrast, density of film and positioning)
5) Use search pattern (ABCS)

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2
Q

What are the 5 steps of Evaluation?

A

1) Identify the study (anatomy, number of films etc)
2) Information (patients age, gender, position)
3) Collimation (sheilding/artifacts)
4) Film Quality (contrast, density of film and positioning)
5) Use search pattern (ABCS)

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3
Q

What are the 5 cervical lines?

A

Prevertebral Soft Tissue, Anterior Body line, Posterior body line, Spinolaminar junction line, spinous process interspacing

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of the prevertebral soft tissue line?

A

1) Retropharyngeal: down to C2
2) Retrolaryngeal C3-5
3) Retrotracheal C6- and below

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5
Q

What is the rule of 2’s and 6’s

A

at C2< 6mm

C6<22mm

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6
Q

What is the anterior vertebral body line?

A

it is a smooth line with no interruptions and it is not as sensitive for vertebral displacement as the posterior body line

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7
Q

What is the posterior vertebral body line?

A

AKA george’s line. It is also smooth and uninterrupted. It evaluates the vertebral body displacement. Key landmarks: superior and inferior body corners

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8
Q

What is the spinolaminar junction line?

A

AKA posterior cervical line, extrapolate line through anterior aspect of each spinolaminar junction. Evaluates for displacement. 1-2mm offset is accepted at C1

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9
Q

What are the SP interspaces?

A

it is used to check for equal spacing between adjacent SP’s and evaluates relative segmental positioning.

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10
Q

When evaluating bone what are you looking for?

A

Shape, size, cortical integrity, internal matrix, radiographic density and specific structures

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11
Q

When evaluating cartilage what are you looking for?

A

joint shape, size and density

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12
Q

When evaluating soft tissue what are you looking for?

A

shape, size, position and density

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13
Q

When evaluating soft tissue what are you looking for?

A

shape, size, position and density

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14
Q

What are the 5 cervical lines?

A

Prevertebral Soft Tissue, Anterior Body line, Posterior body line, Spinolaminar junction line, spinous process interspacing

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the prevertebral soft tissue line?

A

1) Retropharyngeal: down to C2
2) Retrolaryngeal C3-5
3) Retrotracheal C6- and below

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16
Q

What is the rule of 2’s and 6’s

A

at C2< 22mm

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17
Q

What is the anterior vertebral body line?

A

it is a smooth line with no interruptions and it is not as sensitive for vertebral displacement as the posterior body line

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18
Q

What is the posterior vertebral body line?

A

AKA george’s line. It is also smooth and uninterrupted. It evaluates the vertebral body displacement. Key landmarks: superior and inferior body corners

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19
Q

What are Paranasal Sinuses

A

pneumatic extensions of the respiratory system, should not contain water densities.

  • Frontal: superior to anterior portion of orbit
  • Maxilary: inferior to orbit, large
  • Ethmoid: medial to orbit, multiple, small
  • Sphenoid; inf. to sella turcia on lateral view and midline on AP/PA
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20
Q

What are the SP interspaces?

A

it is used to check for equal spacing between adjacent SP’s and evaluates relative segmental positioning.

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21
Q

When evaluating bone what are you looking for?

A

Shape, size, cortical integrity, internal matrix, radiographic density and specific structures

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22
Q

When evaluating cartilage what are you looking for?

A

joint shape, size and density

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23
Q

Will NORMAL cartilage be seen on plain film?

A

no, only see the space it occupies

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24
Q

When evaluating soft tissue what are you looking for?

A

shape, size, position and density

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25
Q

What is the minimum diagnositc series of the cervical spine?

A

AP, APOM, Lateral

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26
Q

What are supplemental view for cervical spine?

A

Flexion, Extension laterals and Right and Left Obliques

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27
Q

What can you use as contrast agents on Xrays

A

air (natural) or barium/iodine

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28
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A

real time motion images observed, hard images taken at specific times for permanent record

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29
Q

What is phonation study

A

the cavities or potential spaces of the pharynx and larynx can be filled with air or contrast material. the prevertebral tissues form the posterior wall of the pharynx

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30
Q

What can you see in the nasal cavity

A

concha/turbinate (osseous portion not seen on plain films but can be “seen” as soft tissue surrounded by air), meatus (3)–>linear collections of air on lateral views, tonsils–> if enlarged: adenoids

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31
Q

What are Paranasal Sinuses

A

pneumatic extensions of the respiratory system, should not contain water densities.

  • Frontal: superior to anterior portion of orbit
  • Maxilary: inferior to orbit, large
  • Ethmoid: medial to orbit, multiple, small
  • Sphenoid; inf. to sella turcia on lateral view and midline on AP/PA
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32
Q

What tonsils can you see?

A

Pharyngeal (upper most aspect of the prevertebral soft tissue line), Lingual (base of tongue), Palatine (at level of the soft palate in the PL pharyngeal wall)

33
Q

Why is looking at tonsils important?

A

if enlarged can be a site of abnormal calcification

34
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

inferior to nasal and oral cavities, esophagus lies inferior and posterior to it and trachea lies inferior and anterior to it.

35
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

prevents swallowed food from entering lower respiratory passages

36
Q

where should the tracheal air shadow be

A

should be midline, look for deviations, normal small right deviations at the level of the aortic arch

37
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

anterior to C3-6 (approx 5 cm) to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage. (superior margin of the trachea)

38
Q

Where is the epiglottis found

A

lateral view, base at level of the hyoid bone, cartilage doesn’t calcify

39
Q

What are the valleculae

A

small pockets anterior to the epiglottis, seen on lateral view, seen on AP only with contrast as small paired midline collections

40
Q

What are the aryepiglottic folds

A

tissues extending from epiglottis to the level of the vocal folds, form the walls of the vestibule

41
Q

What is the vestibule

A

chamber about false vocal folds formed by aryepiglottic folds

42
Q

What is the piriform sinus

A

potensal spaces with the aryepiglottic folds and lateral walls of the pharynx

43
Q

What is the ventricle

A

space between false and true vocal folds

44
Q

What are some of the cartilages found in the neck

A

Thyroid (lateral view, horns posterior, laminae can calcify)
Cricoid (lateral, posteriorly taller and slopes)
Arytenoid (small triangular, seen on Lateral view)
Tracheal rings (lateral usually seen as small oval at anterior and posterior margins)

45
Q

Does epiglottic cartilage calcify

A

no

46
Q

What are additional view for the chest

A

Apical lordotic and inspiration/expiration

47
Q

What is laryngeal constriction

A

normal narrowing of tracheal air shadow at the vocal folds may not be notable if patient is breathing

48
Q

where should the tracheal air shadow be

A

should be midline, look for deviations, normal small right deviations at the level of the aortic arch

49
Q

What are the airspaces found in the neck

A

tracheal, laryngeal and pharyngeal

50
Q

Where is the retrotracheal interspace measured?

A

anteroinferior to C6

51
Q

What are the two phrenic sulci

A

costophrenic (r/l lateral and r/l posterior) and cardiophrenic sulci (right and left and posterior)

52
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal interspace measured

A

anteroinferior to C2

53
Q

What are the anterior landmarks of these interspaces

A

posterior margin tracheal airspace, posterior margin laryngeal airspace, posterior margin pharyngeal airpace

54
Q

Where is the espophagus located

A

lower margin of cricoid to stomach and is only seen if air in it.

55
Q

What is seen in the Chest, Thoracic Cage?

A
  • Pulmonary structures (conducting systems like trachea, bronchi and parenchyma like the lung field),
  • Cardiovascular system (heart shadows, aorta, vena cava’s)
  • Mediastinum (divided into superior, inferior anterior, inf middle and inf posterior)
56
Q

What does the mediastidum contain

A

trachea, esophagus, arteries, veins, lymph, nerves and heart

57
Q

What is the minimal diagnotic series of the chest

A

PA and Left lateral

58
Q

What are additional view for the chest

A

Apical lordotic and inspiration/expiration

59
Q

Which hemidiaphragm is higher

A

right

60
Q

where is the left hemidiaphrgam located

A

by the fundus of the stomach

61
Q

where is the right hemidiaphragm located

A

by the right lobe of the liver

62
Q

At what vertebral level to the hemidiaphragms cross?

A

T12 on full inspiration (lateral view)

Rib 10 on full inspiration (AP view)

63
Q

What are the two phrenic sulci

A

costophrenic (r/l lateral and r/l posterior) and cardiophrenic sulci (right and left and posterior)

64
Q

What are the lung fields divded into

A

apex, base, middle, peripheral and central

65
Q

Describe the lung apices

A

conical, dome shaped, begin at rib 1 inferior margin, have a pleural capping. Overlying rib 1 cartilage may simulate pathology

66
Q

Describe lung bases

A

semilunar shaped, concave, rests on convext diaphragm, most prominent vasculature, lateral corners= lower lobe

67
Q

What is Pleura

A

coverings of the lungs, not visible on the xray except as fissures. two types: parietal and visceral

68
Q

What does the parietal pleura line?

A

chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum

69
Q

What does the visceral pleura line?

A

lungs

70
Q

What is the hila

A

root of the lung covered by pleura, left is higher than right or equal. should be similar size, shape and density

71
Q

What does the hila contain

A

primary bronchus, pulm artery, two pulm veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymph nodes an vessels

72
Q

What is the difference between right and left hilum

A

left: higher, rounder, horizontal
right: lower, oblong, vertical

73
Q

How many lung fields are there

A

upper, middle, lower (right and left of each), so 6

74
Q

How many lobes (fissures) does a right lung have versus a left lung?

A

right: 3 (seperated by oblique fissure and horizontal fissure) left: 2 (seperated by horizontal fissure)

75
Q

Where does the oblique fissure begin? how does it travel?

A

at level of T5, extends down (obliquely) and foward. right is less vertical can left

76
Q

Where does the horizontal fissure begin? how does it travel?

A

begins at the right oblique fissure and extends anteriorly to anterior end of the 4th rib

77
Q

What are the accessory lobes and fissures

A

azygous lobe/fissure. inferior and superior accessory fissure. in right upper lobe only. seen in 1/200 normal chest films. forms due to azygous vein going lateral to medial along the interior chest wall and dropping superior to inferior at right mediastinum and pulling pleural layers with it.

78
Q

What are the inferior accessory fissures

A

seperal medial basal segment from rest of the lower lobe. Seen on RIGHT more then left. Seen in 5% of people and on PA film only

79
Q

What are the superior accessory fissures

A

seperate superior segment of lower lobe from rest of the lower lobe. seen right OR left. Seen in 5% of people and on PA OR LATERAL view.

Rad Anat III (1 decks)

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