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1
Q

3 types of neurons

A

motor (efferent), interneurons, sensory (afferent)

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2
Q

parasympathetic response

A

rest-and-digest; constricts pupils, bronchi, bladder; stimulates saliva, peristalsis, bile; slows heartbeat

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3
Q

sympathetic

A

fight-or-flight; dilates pupils, inhibits saliva, relaxes bronchi, accelerates heartbeat; piloerection or sweating; stimulates glucose production, adrenaline ad noradrenaline, orgasm

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4
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

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5
Q

midbrain

A

inferior and superior colliculi

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6
Q

forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

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7
Q

parts of forebrain: thalamus

A

relay station for sensory info

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8
Q

parts of forebrain: hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis, integrates endocrine system through hophyseal portal system through anterior pituitary

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9
Q

basal ganglia

A

smoothens movements, maintains postural stability

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10
Q

limbic system

A

controls emotion and memory, including septal nuclei (pleasure-seeking), amygdala (fear and aggression), hippocampus (memory), and fornix (communication within the limbic system)

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11
Q

cerebral cortex - frontal

A

executive function, impulse control, long-term planning (prefrontal cortex), motor function (primary motor cortex), speech production (Broca’s area)

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12
Q

cerebral cortex - parietal

A

sensation of touch, pressure, temp, pain (somatosensory cortex); spacial processing, orientation, and manipulation

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13
Q

cerebral cortex - occipital

A

visual processing

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14
Q

cerebral cortex - temporal

A

sound processing (auditory cortex), speech perception (Wernicke’s area), memory, and emotion (limbic system)

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15
Q

acetylcholine

A

voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness

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16
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness

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17
Q

dopamine

A

smooth movements, postural stability

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18
Q

serotonin

A

mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

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19
Q

GABA, glycine

A

brain stabilization

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20
Q

glutamate

A

brain excitation

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21
Q

endorphins

A

natural painkiller

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22
Q

sensation

A

conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals

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23
Q

perception

A

processing of sensory information

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24
Q

sensory receptors

A

respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

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25
Q

sensory nerons

A

transmits neurons transmit info from sensory receptors to the CNS

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26
Q

sensory stimuli

A

transmitted to projection areas in the brain

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27
Q

threshold

A

minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction

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28
Q

Weber’s law

A

the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, which is constant over most range of possible stimuli

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29
Q

signal detection theory

A

studies effects of nonsensory factors (experiences, motives, expectations) on perception of stimuli

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30
Q

hit

A

signal present, response is yes

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31
Q

miss

A

signal present, response is no

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32
Q

false alarm

A

signal absent, response is yes

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33
Q

correct negative

A

signal absent, response is no

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34
Q

response bias

A

examined using signal detection experiments with 4 possible outcomes

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35
Q

adaptation

A

decrease in response to stimulus over time

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36
Q

vision - visual pathway

A

retina –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tracts –> lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus –> visual radiations –> visual cortex

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37
Q

cochlea

A

detects sound

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38
Q

urticle and saccule

A

detect linear acceleration

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39
Q

semicircular canals

A

detect rotational acceleration

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40
Q

auditory pathway

A

cochlea–> vestibulocochlear nerve –> medial geniculate nucleas of thalamus –> auditory cortex

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41
Q

smell

A

detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by olfactory chemoreceptors

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42
Q

taste

A

detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae

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43
Q

somatosensation

A

four touch modalities (pressure, vibration, pain, and temp)

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44
Q

kinesthetic sense (propioception)

A

ability to tell where one’s body is in space

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45
Q

bottom-up (data-driven) processing

A

recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection; slower but less prone to mistakes

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46
Q

top-down (conceptually-driven) processing

A

recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail; faster but more prone to mistakes

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47
Q

gestalt principles

A

how brain infers missing parts of an incomplete image

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48
Q

habituation

A

process of becoming used to a stimulus

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49
Q

dishabituation

A

occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization of the original stimulus

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50
Q

observational learning

A

acquisition of behavior by watching others

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51
Q

associative learning

A

pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

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52
Q

classical conditioning

A

associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus and becomes a conditioned stimulus; food=UCS, bell=NS, salivation for food=UCR, bell later=CS, salivation for bell=CR

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53
Q

operant conditioning

A

associative learning in which frequency of a behavior is modified using reinforcement (increases behavior) or punishment (decreases behavior)

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54
Q

positive reinforcement

A

stimulus added, behavior continues

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55
Q

negative reinforcement

A

stimulus removed, behavior continues

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56
Q

positive punishment

A

stimulus added, behavior stops

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57
Q

negative punishment

A

stimulus removed, behavior stops

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58
Q

awake stage

A

beta and alpha waves, able to perceive, process infor

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59
Q

consciousness stage 1

A

theta waves, light sleep

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60
Q

consciousness stage 2

A

theta waves, sleep spindles and K complexes

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61
Q

consciousness stages 3/4

A

delta waves, slow-wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, some sleep disorders

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62
Q

REM

A

beta waves, physiologically appears awake, dreams, paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders

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63
Q

dyssomnias

A

disorders of amount or timing of sleep such as insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation

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64
Q

parasomnias

A

odd behaviors during sleep such as night terrors and sleepwalking

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65
Q

drug addiction

A

mediated by mesolimbic pathway - nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area; dopamine is main neurotransmitter

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66
Q

depressants

A

sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety; alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

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67
Q

stimulants

A

increased arousal; amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy

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68
Q

opiates/opioids

A

euphoria and decreased reaction to pain; heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills

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69
Q

hallucinogens

A

distortion of reality and fantasy, introspection; LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms

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70
Q

marijuana

A

some features of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens (in very high doses)

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71
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

A

focuses on manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanencce ends this stage

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72
Q

Piaget’s preoperational stage

A

focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism (inability to image what another person feels), and centration (focusing on only one aspect of phenomenon)

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73
Q

Piaget’s concrete operational stage

A

focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects

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74
Q

Piaget’s formal operational stage

A

focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving

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75
Q

problem solving techniques

A

trial-and-error, algorithms, deductive reasoning (general rules –> conclusions), inductive reasoning (evidence –> general rules), heuristics (rule of thumb), biases, intuition, emotions

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76
Q

selective attention

A

allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background

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77
Q

divided attention

A

uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at once

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78
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension; Wernicke’s aphasia results in nonsensical fluid aphasia w lack of comprehension

79
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor function of speach; Broca’s aphasia results in nonfluent aphasia where generating words is difficult

80
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas, damage results in conduction aphasia, the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension

81
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious memory, including declarative memory, which is divided between episodic memory (experiences) and semantic memory (facts and concepts)

82
Q

implicit memory

A

unconscious memory, including procedural memory (skills, tasks)

83
Q

encoding

A

process of putting new information into memory

84
Q

recognition or recall

A

recognition > recall

85
Q

semantic networks

A

how facts are stored; retrieval often based on priming interconnected nodes of the netword

86
Q

motivation

A

the driving force behind our actions; extrinsic is based on external circumstances, internal is based on internal drive

87
Q

instinct theory

A

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

88
Q

arousal theory

A

state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

89
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

there is an optimal level of arousal for a given task (bell curve)

90
Q

drive reduction theory

A

individuals act to relieve internal states of tension

91
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

prioritizes needs into 5 categories: physiological>safety and security> love and belonging> self-esteem> self-actualization

92
Q

seven universal emotions

A

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear disgust, anger

93
Q

James-Langer theory

A

nervous system arousal, then conscious emotion

94
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

nervous system arousal and conscious emotion, then action

95
Q

Schachter-Singer theory

A

nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal, then conscious emotion

96
Q

stress

A

physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes; distress (bad) vs eustress (good)

97
Q

primary appraisal

A

classifying potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

98
Q

secondary appraisal

A

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge

99
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

100
Q

self-concept

A

how we describe ourselves

101
Q

identities

A

components of our self-concept related to groups we belong to

102
Q

self-esteem

A

evaluation of ourselves

103
Q

self-efficacy

A

degree to which we see ourselves as capable of a smill

104
Q

locus of control

A

how we characterize the influences in our lives: internal (success or failure result of us) vs external (result of outside factors)

105
Q

DSM

A

guide by which psych disorders are characterized described and diagnosed

106
Q

schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorder characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances in thought, perception and behavior

107
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and behavior

108
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

disturbances of affect and avolition (lack of motivation to do tasks with an end goal)

109
Q

major depressive disorder

A

at least one major depressive episode

110
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

depressed mood (dysthymia or major depression) for 2+ years

111
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

major depressive disorder with seasonal onset during winter months

112
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

at least one manic episode

113
Q

bipolar II disoder

A

at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode

114
Q

dysthymia

A

persistent mild depression

115
Q

cyclothymic disoder

A

contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

116
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

constant disproportionate and persistent worry

117
Q

specific phobias

A

irrational fears of specific objects

118
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety due to social or performance situations

119
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

120
Q

panic disoder

A

recurrent attacks of intense fear and sympathetic nervou s system activity with no clear stimulus

121
Q

OCD

A

obsessions (persistent intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive tasks)

122
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or specific body part

123
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall past experiences, may involve dissociative fugue which can involve new identity

124
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

2+ personalities control behavior

125
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

feelings of detachment from mind, body or environment

126
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

A

tensions caused by the libido, problems at stages result in fixations

127
Q

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

stems from conflicts that are the result we must make about ourselves vs environment around us; trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, intiative vs guilt, etc

128
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning development

A

describes approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

129
Q

Vygotsky’s theory of cultural and biosocial development

A

describes development of language, culture and skills

130
Q

psychoanalyic perspective

A

personality arises from unconscious desires; Freud: id, superego, ego; Jung: collective unconscious, archetypes

131
Q

humanistic perspective

A

internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive towards happiness and self-realization; Maslow: hierarchy of needs; Rogers: unconditional positive regard

132
Q

type theories of personality

A

ancient Greek humors, Sheldon’s somatotypes, division into types A and B, Myers-Briggs inventory

133
Q

Eysenck’s 3 major traits

A

psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism

134
Q

Big 5

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism- OCEAN

135
Q

Allport’s 3 types of traits

A

cardinal, central, secondary

136
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern

137
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition

138
Q

conversion disorder

A

unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function

139
Q

cluster A personality disorders

A

weird - paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

140
Q

cluster B personality disorders

A

dramatic - antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

141
Q

cluster C personality disorders

A

anxious - avoidant, dependent, OCD

142
Q

social facilitation

A

tendency to perform at a different level (either better or worst) when others are around

143
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness in large groups, can lead to drastic changes in behavior

144
Q

bystander effect

A

in group, ppl are less likely to respond to person in need

145
Q

peer pressure

A

social influence placed on individual they consider equals

146
Q

group polarization

A

tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

147
Q

groupthink

A

tendency to make decisions based on ideas that arise within the group w/o considering outside ideas

148
Q

assimilation

A

cultures melt into each other

149
Q

multiculturalism

A

encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

150
Q

subculture

A

group within primary culture

151
Q

socialization

A

process of developing and spreading norms, customs and beliefs

152
Q

norms

A

boundaries of acceptable societal behavior

153
Q

stigma

A

extreme disapproval or dislike of person or group based on perceived differences

154
Q

deviance

A

any violation of norm/rules within society

155
Q

conformity

A

changing behaviors or beliefs to fit into group

156
Q

compliance

A

individuals change behavior based on request of others; foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, lowball, thats-not-all

157
Q

obedience

A

change in behavior based on command from someone seen as authority figure

158
Q

status

A

position in society; ascribed - involuntarily assigned, achieved - voluntarily earned, master - primary identity

159
Q

role

A

set of beliefs, values that define the expectations of a certain status

160
Q

group

A

two or more individuals w similar characteristics and sense of unity

161
Q

network

A

observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups

162
Q

organization

A

group w structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals, exists outside of membership within org

163
Q

display rules

A

unspoken rules governing expression of emotion

164
Q

impression management

A

maintenance of public image

165
Q

dramaturgcal approach

A

person creates image of themself the way actors perform a role

166
Q

interpersonal attraction

A

influenced by physical, social and psychological factors

167
Q

aggression

A

behavior with intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

168
Q

attachment

A

emotional bond, between child and caregiver

169
Q

altruism

A

helping behavior in which person’s intent is to benefit another at a personal cost

170
Q

dispositional (internal) attribution of behavior

A

think behavior is caused by features of person

171
Q

situational (internal) attribution

A

think behavior is caused by surroundings/context

172
Q

correspondent inference theory

A

describes attributions made by observing the intentional behaviors performed by another person

173
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions

174
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

phenomenon of stereotype creating expectation of particular group, creating conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype

175
Q

stereotype threat

A

feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype

176
Q

prejudice

A

irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience

177
Q

ethnocentrism

A

practice of making judgements about other cultures based on beliefs of ones own culture

178
Q

cultural relativism

A

studying social groups and cultures on their own terms

179
Q

discrimination

A

when prejudice cases difference in treatment of a group

180
Q

functionalism

A

focuses on function and relationships of each component of society

181
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order

182
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

study of how individuals interact thru shared understanding of words, gestures and symbols

183
Q

social constructionism

A

explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

184
Q

material culture

A

physical items one associates w given group, ie art buildings clothes

185
Q

symbolic culture

A

ideas associated w cultural group

186
Q

demographics

A

statistical arm of sociology

187
Q

migration

A

refers to movement of ppl from geographical location

188
Q

demographic transition

A

drops in birth and death rates due to industrialization

189
Q

socioeconomic status

A

class, power (capacity to influence ppl thru rewards and punishment), social capital (investment ppl make in society), social reproduction (passing on of social inequality), poverty (low SES)

190
Q

incidence

A

new cases/pop at risk per time

191
Q

prevalence

A

number of cases/total pop per time

192
Q

morbidity

A

degree of illness associated with a disease

193
Q

mortality

A

deaths caused by a disease

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (1 decks)

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