quicksheet info Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
3 types of neurons
A
motor (efferent), interneurons, sensory (afferent)
2
Q
parasympathetic response
A
rest-and-digest; constricts pupils, bronchi, bladder; stimulates saliva, peristalsis, bile; slows heartbeat
3
Q
sympathetic
A
fight-or-flight; dilates pupils, inhibits saliva, relaxes bronchi, accelerates heartbeat; piloerection or sweating; stimulates glucose production, adrenaline ad noradrenaline, orgasm
4
Q
hindbrain
A
cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation
5
Q
midbrain
A
inferior and superior colliculi
6
Q
forebrain
A
thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex
7
Q
parts of forebrain: thalamus
A
relay station for sensory info
8
Q
parts of forebrain: hypothalamus
A
maintains homeostasis, integrates endocrine system through hophyseal portal system through anterior pituitary
9
Q
basal ganglia
A
smoothens movements, maintains postural stability
10
Q
limbic system
A
controls emotion and memory, including septal nuclei (pleasure-seeking), amygdala (fear and aggression), hippocampus (memory), and fornix (communication within the limbic system)
11
Q
cerebral cortex - frontal
A
executive function, impulse control, long-term planning (prefrontal cortex), motor function (primary motor cortex), speech production (Broca’s area)
12
Q
cerebral cortex - parietal
A
sensation of touch, pressure, temp, pain (somatosensory cortex); spacial processing, orientation, and manipulation
13
Q
cerebral cortex - occipital
A
visual processing
14
Q
cerebral cortex - temporal
A
sound processing (auditory cortex), speech perception (Wernicke’s area), memory, and emotion (limbic system)
15
Q
acetylcholine
A
voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness
16
Q
epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness
17
Q
dopamine
A
smooth movements, postural stability
18
Q
serotonin
A
mood, sleep, eating, dreaming
19
Q
GABA, glycine
A
brain stabilization
20
Q
glutamate
A
brain excitation
21
Q
endorphins
A
natural painkiller
22
Q
sensation
A
conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals
23
Q
perception
A
processing of sensory information
24
Q
sensory receptors
A
respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals
25
sensory nerons
transmits neurons transmit info from sensory receptors to the CNS
26
sensory stimuli
transmitted to projection areas in the brain
27
threshold
minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction
28
Weber's law
the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, which is constant over most range of possible stimuli
29
signal detection theory
studies effects of nonsensory factors (experiences, motives, expectations) on perception of stimuli
30
hit
signal present, response is yes
31
miss
signal present, response is no
32
false alarm
signal absent, response is yes
33
correct negative
signal absent, response is no
34
response bias
examined using signal detection experiments with 4 possible outcomes
35
adaptation
decrease in response to stimulus over time
36
vision - visual pathway
retina --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tracts --> lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus --> visual radiations --> visual cortex
37
cochlea
detects sound
38
urticle and saccule
detect linear acceleration
39
semicircular canals
detect rotational acceleration
40
auditory pathway
cochlea--> vestibulocochlear nerve --> medial geniculate nucleas of thalamus --> auditory cortex
41
smell
detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by olfactory chemoreceptors
42
taste
detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae
43
somatosensation
four touch modalities (pressure, vibration, pain, and temp)
44
kinesthetic sense (propioception)
ability to tell where one's body is in space
45
bottom-up (data-driven) processing
recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection; slower but less prone to mistakes
46
top-down (conceptually-driven) processing
recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail; faster but more prone to mistakes
47
gestalt principles
how brain infers missing parts of an incomplete image
48
habituation
process of becoming used to a stimulus
49
dishabituation
occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization of the original stimulus
50
observational learning
acquisition of behavior by watching others
51
associative learning
pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences
52
classical conditioning
associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus and becomes a conditioned stimulus; food=UCS, bell=NS, salivation for food=UCR, bell later=CS, salivation for bell=CR
53
operant conditioning
associative learning in which frequency of a behavior is modified using reinforcement (increases behavior) or punishment (decreases behavior)
54
positive reinforcement
stimulus added, behavior continues
55
negative reinforcement
stimulus removed, behavior continues
56
positive punishment
stimulus added, behavior stops
57
negative punishment
stimulus removed, behavior stops
58
awake stage
beta and alpha waves, able to perceive, process infor
59
consciousness stage 1
theta waves, light sleep
60
consciousness stage 2
theta waves, sleep spindles and K complexes
61
consciousness stages 3/4
delta waves, slow-wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, some sleep disorders
62
REM
beta waves, physiologically appears awake, dreams, paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders
63
dyssomnias
disorders of amount or timing of sleep such as insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation
64
parasomnias
odd behaviors during sleep such as night terrors and sleepwalking
65
drug addiction
mediated by mesolimbic pathway - nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area; dopamine is main neurotransmitter
66
depressants
sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety; alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
67
stimulants
increased arousal; amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy
68
opiates/opioids
euphoria and decreased reaction to pain; heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills
69
hallucinogens
distortion of reality and fantasy, introspection; LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms
70
marijuana
some features of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens (in very high doses)
71
Piaget's sensorimotor stage
focuses on manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanencce ends this stage
72
Piaget's preoperational stage
focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism (inability to image what another person feels), and centration (focusing on only one aspect of phenomenon)
73
Piaget's concrete operational stage
focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects
74
Piaget's formal operational stage
focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving
75
problem solving techniques
trial-and-error, algorithms, deductive reasoning (general rules --> conclusions), inductive reasoning (evidence --> general rules), heuristics (rule of thumb), biases, intuition, emotions
76
selective attention
allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background
77
divided attention
uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at once
78
Wernicke's area
language comprehension; Wernicke's aphasia results in nonsensical fluid aphasia w lack of comprehension
79
Broca's area
motor function of speach; Broca's aphasia results in nonfluent aphasia where generating words is difficult
80
Arcuate fasciculus
connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas, damage results in conduction aphasia, the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension
81
explicit memory
conscious memory, including declarative memory, which is divided between episodic memory (experiences) and semantic memory (facts and concepts)
82
implicit memory
unconscious memory, including procedural memory (skills, tasks)
83
encoding
process of putting new information into memory
84
recognition or recall
recognition > recall
85
semantic networks
how facts are stored; retrieval often based on priming interconnected nodes of the netword
86
motivation
the driving force behind our actions; extrinsic is based on external circumstances, internal is based on internal drive
87
instinct theory
innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
88
arousal theory
state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
89
Yerkes-Dodson law
there is an optimal level of arousal for a given task (bell curve)
90
drive reduction theory
individuals act to relieve internal states of tension
91
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
prioritizes needs into 5 categories: physiological>safety and security> love and belonging> self-esteem> self-actualization
92
seven universal emotions
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear disgust, anger
93
James-Langer theory
nervous system arousal, then conscious emotion
94
Cannon-Bard theory
nervous system arousal and conscious emotion, then action
95
Schachter-Singer theory
nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal, then conscious emotion
96
stress
physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes; distress (bad) vs eustress (good)
97
primary appraisal
classifying potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
98
secondary appraisal
directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge
99
general adaptation syndrome
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
100
self-concept
how we describe ourselves
101
identities
components of our self-concept related to groups we belong to
102
self-esteem
evaluation of ourselves
103
self-efficacy
degree to which we see ourselves as capable of a smill
104
locus of control
how we characterize the influences in our lives: internal (success or failure result of us) vs external (result of outside factors)
105
DSM
guide by which psych disorders are characterized described and diagnosed
106
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances in thought, perception and behavior
107
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and behavior
108
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
disturbances of affect and avolition (lack of motivation to do tasks with an end goal)
109
major depressive disorder
at least one major depressive episode
110
persistent depressive disorder
depressed mood (dysthymia or major depression) for 2+ years
111
seasonal affective disorder
major depressive disorder with seasonal onset during winter months
112
bipolar I disorder
at least one manic episode
113
bipolar II disoder
at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
114
dysthymia
persistent mild depression
115
cyclothymic disoder
contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia
116
generalized anxiety disorder
constant disproportionate and persistent worry
117
specific phobias
irrational fears of specific objects
118
social anxiety disorder
anxiety due to social or performance situations
119
agoraphobia
fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
120
panic disoder
recurrent attacks of intense fear and sympathetic nervou s system activity with no clear stimulus
121
OCD
obsessions (persistent intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive tasks)
122
body dysmorphic disorder
unrealistic negative evaluation of one's appearance or specific body part
123
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experiences, may involve dissociative fugue which can involve new identity
124
dissociative identity disorder
2+ personalities control behavior
125
depersonalization/derealization disorder
feelings of detachment from mind, body or environment
126
Freud's stages of psychosexual development
tensions caused by the libido, problems at stages result in fixations
127
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
stems from conflicts that are the result we must make about ourselves vs environment around us; trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, intiative vs guilt, etc
128
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning development
describes approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
129
Vygotsky's theory of cultural and biosocial development
describes development of language, culture and skills
130
psychoanalyic perspective
personality arises from unconscious desires; Freud: id, superego, ego; Jung: collective unconscious, archetypes
131
humanistic perspective
internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive towards happiness and self-realization; Maslow: hierarchy of needs; Rogers: unconditional positive regard
132
type theories of personality
ancient Greek humors, Sheldon's somatotypes, division into types A and B, Myers-Briggs inventory
133
Eysenck's 3 major traits
psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism
134
Big 5
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism- OCEAN
135
Allport's 3 types of traits
cardinal, central, secondary
136
somatic symptom disorder
at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern
137
illness anxiety disorder
preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition
138
conversion disorder
unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function
139
cluster A personality disorders
weird - paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid
140
cluster B personality disorders
dramatic - antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
141
cluster C personality disorders
anxious - avoidant, dependent, OCD
142
social facilitation
tendency to perform at a different level (either better or worst) when others are around
143
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in large groups, can lead to drastic changes in behavior
144
bystander effect
in group, ppl are less likely to respond to person in need
145
peer pressure
social influence placed on individual they consider equals
146
group polarization
tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members
147
groupthink
tendency to make decisions based on ideas that arise within the group w/o considering outside ideas
148
assimilation
cultures melt into each other
149
multiculturalism
encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity
150
subculture
group within primary culture
151
socialization
process of developing and spreading norms, customs and beliefs
152
norms
boundaries of acceptable societal behavior
153
stigma
extreme disapproval or dislike of person or group based on perceived differences
154
deviance
any violation of norm/rules within society
155
conformity
changing behaviors or beliefs to fit into group
156
compliance
individuals change behavior based on request of others; foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, lowball, thats-not-all
157
obedience
change in behavior based on command from someone seen as authority figure
158
status
position in society; ascribed - involuntarily assigned, achieved - voluntarily earned, master - primary identity
159
role
set of beliefs, values that define the expectations of a certain status
160
group
two or more individuals w similar characteristics and sense of unity
161
network
observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups
162
organization
group w structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals, exists outside of membership within org
163
display rules
unspoken rules governing expression of emotion
164
impression management
maintenance of public image
165
dramaturgcal approach
person creates image of themself the way actors perform a role
166
interpersonal attraction
influenced by physical, social and psychological factors
167
aggression
behavior with intention to cause harm or increase social dominance
168
attachment
emotional bond, between child and caregiver
169
altruism
helping behavior in which person's intent is to benefit another at a personal cost
170
dispositional (internal) attribution of behavior
think behavior is caused by features of person
171
situational (internal) attribution
think behavior is caused by surroundings/context
172
correspondent inference theory
describes attributions made by observing the intentional behaviors performed by another person
173
fundamental attribution error
bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions
174
self-fulfilling prophecy
phenomenon of stereotype creating expectation of particular group, creating conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype
175
stereotype threat
feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype
176
prejudice
irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience
177
ethnocentrism
practice of making judgements about other cultures based on beliefs of ones own culture
178
cultural relativism
studying social groups and cultures on their own terms
179
discrimination
when prejudice cases difference in treatment of a group
180
functionalism
focuses on function and relationships of each component of society
181
conflict theory
focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order
182
symbolic interactionism
study of how individuals interact thru shared understanding of words, gestures and symbols
183
social constructionism
explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality
184
material culture
physical items one associates w given group, ie art buildings clothes
185
symbolic culture
ideas associated w cultural group
186
demographics
statistical arm of sociology
187
migration
refers to movement of ppl from geographical location
188
demographic transition
drops in birth and death rates due to industrialization
189
socioeconomic status
class, power (capacity to influence ppl thru rewards and punishment), social capital (investment ppl make in society), social reproduction (passing on of social inequality), poverty (low SES)
190
incidence
new cases/pop at risk per time
191
prevalence
number of cases/total pop per time
192
morbidity
degree of illness associated with a disease
193
mortality
deaths caused by a disease
