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WATER AND CARBON CYCLES > Quick W&CC recap & stats > Flashcards

Quick W&CC recap & stats Flashcards

1
Q

What does increasing CO2 levels do?

A

Temps rise which causes sea level rise

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2
Q

How do people increase CO2 levels?

A

Using and burning fossil fuels

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3
Q

Examples of people using FF?

A

Transportation in daily life

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4
Q

How much % was the gas emissions in 2021 with using transportation?

A

28%

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5
Q

What is a example of burning fossil fuels?

A

Coal and oil use in sectors

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6
Q

What does burning FF do to oceans?

A

Ocean acidification

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7
Q

What does ocean acidification do to coral reefs?

A

They become more brittle and less resilient

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8
Q

How much CO2 is released and diffused by chemical change?

A

30%

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9
Q

What does it create when co2 is released and diffused in oceans?

A

Creates carbonic acid and makes oceans less alkaline

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10
Q

What does deforestation do to the carbon cycle? Example?

A

Vegetation getting removed reduces carbon storage - AMAZON

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11
Q

What does forests getting cleared for agriculture and land use lead to?

A

A rapid flow of carbon from biosphere to atmosphere

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12
Q

What does cattle ranching do to the carbon cycle?

A

Animals release co2 and use land

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13
Q

What is permafrost?

A

Permanently or temporarily frozen ground / soil in the Arctic.

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14
Q

What happens to permafrost in the summer?

A

The surface layer will melt and the ice below will remain

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15
Q

How much Carbon is trapped in permafrost?

A

16726 TC

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16
Q

What loop is the permafrost melting?

A

Positive feedback

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17
Q

What 3 effects does carbon cycle change have on oceans?

A

Coral Bleaching & Warming oceans
Sea Level Rise

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18
Q

How much has global sea surface temperatures increased by per decade?

A

1.3 Celsius

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19
Q

What does the 1.3c temp increase affect in oceans? Why?

A

Ranges of fish and corals - they will have to migrate to other areas or die

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20
Q

What do corals contain? What does it do?

A

Symbiotic algae - produces nutrients which benefits the coral

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21
Q

What happens if water gets too warm for the algae?

A

Algae will leave usually killing the coral

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22
Q

What does white coral mean?

A

Nearly dead or unhealthy

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23
Q

What is the estimation for sea level rise per year currently?

A

3.6mm

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24
Q

What will be the sea level rise by 2100 be?

A

0.5m to 1m

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25
Q

What does sea level rise effect?

A

Coastal areas flood
Habitats destroyed
Cities flooded
Infrastructure damaged

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26
Q

What has there been a decline in the deep North Atlantic?

A

A decline in salinity

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27
Q

What could the decline in salinity caused by?

A

Higher rainfall or melting of ice from Greenland ice sheet

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28
Q

What did the decline lead to?

A

Slowdown in the Gulfstream

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29
Q

How much sea ice has been estimated to be lost?

A

40%

30
Q

What does the lost sea ice mean?

A

More dark coloured sea water exposed and reflects less of the sun’s energy

31
Q

What does the positive feedback effect cause?

A

Albebo effect

32
Q

What do most predictions suggest about flood risk?

A

That it will worsen over the 21st century

33
Q

What does every 1C of local temperature change increase ?

A

Increases rainfall by 15%

34
Q

What will happen to winters and summers?

A

Wetter weather in winter
Drier summers

35
Q

How much wetter was it in 2011-2020 compared to 1961-1990?

A

9%

36
Q

What happens if emissions continue to increase?

A

Flood risk gets worse

37
Q

What happens if emissions stabilise?Flood risk

A

Flood risk stays the same or worsens

38
Q

What happens if emissions reduce?

A

Flood risk decreases

39
Q

What does geology do to river discharge?

A

Some rocks store water ( porous and permeable) e.g sandstone

40
Q

What does ground saturation do to river discharge?

A

If pore space is full, water will flow across the surface ( overland flow)

41
Q

What does urbanisation do to river discharge?

A

Impermeable concrete/tarmac causes water to flow faster to the river. Storm drains carry water

42
Q

What does river obstacles do to river discharge?

A

Bridge piers and dams - channel straightening

43
Q

What does land use do to river discharge?

A

All land uses have an impact e.g deforestation causes additional water to flow into rivers

44
Q

What does interception do to river discharge?

A

decreases runoff speed

45
Q

What does soil type do to river discharge?

A

The permeability of soil varies with type which affects flow

46
Q

What does gradient do to river discharge?

A

Steeper slopes cause a faster flow and water will flow faster

47
Q

List 4 other factors that control river flow

A
  • Precipitation - Temperature - Drainage density- Size and shape of drainage basin
48
Q

Where is the Eden Basin?

A

North West England

49
Q

Where does the Eden Basin flow through and where does it exit ?

A

Flows through Cumbria and exits through the Solway Firth

50
Q

Is the Eden Basin rural or urban?

A

Largely rural - however flows through city of Carlisle

51
Q

Why is the Eden Basin important to 3 rivers?

A

Confluence to Eden, Catlew, Petteril

52
Q

Why is the Eden Basin hilly?

A

Around Lake District and NW Pennines so steep slopes - rapid downfall runoff

53
Q

What is the geology of the Eden Basin?

A

Most of it is underlain by sandstone & limestone but LD is igneous and metamorphic rocks

54
Q

What kind of rainfall does the Eden Basin suffer of?

A

Orographic Rainfall

55
Q

What does orographic rainfall mean?

A

Higher than average annual rainfall as relief of area encourages it

56
Q

What does orographic rainfall do to water?

A

High runoff

57
Q

What does urbanisation do to the Eden Basin?

A

Increased run off due to no. of new developments commonly built of floodplains

58
Q

How much of the area is farmland cattle between 2000 & 2009? What does this do?

A

30% - risk of soil compaction

59
Q

What does grazing do?

A

Reduces hill vegetation which causes higher run off

60
Q

How much of Cumbria was deforested?

A

17%

61
Q

What did Cumbria do to stop flooding that was ineffective?

A

Plant tree

62
Q

What does climate change do?

A

Increased winter rainfall

63
Q

What was a significant event that happened in the Eden Basin?

A

Floods - 75% in Carlisle 2700 properties flooded2 fatalitiesCosted over £400 million

64
Q

What does the Eden Have?

A

Over 60km of river defences

65
Q

What transfers carbon stored in the atmospheres to biomass?

A

Photosynthesis

66
Q

How does chemical weathering transfer carbon from the atmosphere to hydrosphere and biosphere?

A

Carbon reacts with water to form acid rain

67
Q

What is carbon sequestration?

A

a slow carbon flow that takes millions of years for carbon to be sequestered in sedimentary rocks

68
Q

How much carbon is found in sedimentary rocks?

A

99.9%

69
Q

How much carbon is in the ocean?

A

0.04%

70
Q

How much carbon is in the atmosphere?

A

0.001%

71
Q

Is the carbon cycle a closed or open system?

A

Closed

WATER AND CARBON CYCLES (6 decks)

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