Quick Review from Exams 1 + 2

Question 1

Regenerative anemias

Answer 1

• hemorrhage = external, internal, chronic, acute

- hemolysis = extravascular, intravascular, acquired, congenital, IMHA, oxidative damage

Question 2

Non-regenerative anemias

Answer 2

• chronic renal disease
• chronic liver disease
• chronic inflammatory disease
• cancer outside the marrow
• endocrine deficiency
• bone marrow problems
• iron deficiency
• lead poisoning

Question 3

Coagulation abnormalities

Answer 3

• snake envenomation
• DIC
• vW disease
• vitamin K deficiency/antagonism
• liver disease
• hyper-coagulable states: IMHA, protein losing nephropathy, pancreatitis, neoplasia, sepsis, endocrine disease

Question 4

Erythrocytosis

Answer 4

• relative
• transient
• absolute

Question 5

Thrombocytosis

Answer 5

• primary = neoplasia

- secondary = increased production (inflammation, cushion’s, iron deficiency anemia, post-splenectomy) or redistribution

Question 6

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 6

• decreased production
• increased destruction = MOST SEVERE
• increased consumption
• abnormal distribution

Question 7

Dominant WBC most species

Answer 7

neutrophils

Question 8

Dominant WBC in ruminants, swine, rodents, reptiles, birds

Answer 8

lymphocytes

Question 9

Left-shift or neutrophils

Answer 9

increased demand = inflammation

- can be degenerative (more bands) or regenerative (more segs)

Question 10

Neutrophilia

Answer 10

• glucocorticoids (stress)
• epinephrine (excitement)
• inflammation
• leukemia

Question 11

Neutropenia

Answer 11

• excess tissue demand d/t inflammation
• decreased marrow production d/t injury
• increased margination
• autoimmune destruction

Question 12

STRESS RESPONSE LEUKOGRAM***

Answer 12

GLUCOCORTICOIDS
"SMILED" - segs/monos increased, lymphs/eos decreased
- mature neutrophilia
- monocytosis
- lymphocytopenia**
- eosinopenia

Question 13

EPINEPHRINE RESPONSE LEUKOGRAM***

Answer 13

EXCITEMENT = common in cats/horses

• leukocytosis
• erythrocytosis
• mature neutrophilia
• lymphocytosis**

Question 14

Lymphocytosis

Answer 14

• physiologic leukogram = epinephrine
• prolonged antigenic stimulation
• persistent lymphocytosis in bovine leukemia virus infected cattle
• lymphocytic leukemia

Question 15

Lymphocytopenia

Answer 15

• stress leukogram = corticosteroids
• severe systemic bacterial infection (horses)
• loss of lymphocyte rich fluid as effusion
• chemotherapy
• acute viral infections = lympholytic

Question 16

Monocytosis

Answer 16

• acute/chronic inflammation
• canine stress leukogram
• monocytes leukemia

Question 17

Monocytopenia

Answer 17

Not clinically significant

Question 18

Eosinophilia

Answer 18

“NAACP”

• neoplasia
• addison’s
• allergy/hypersensitivity
• collagen/vascular disorders
• parasites with tissue migration phase
• inflammation rich with mast cells
• hypereosinophilic syndrome

Question 19

Eosinopenia

Answer 19

Not clinically significant

Question 20

Basophilia

Answer 20

often parallel’s eosinphilia

• HW disease
• MCT
• leukemia

Question 21

Basopenia

Answer 21

Not clinically significant

Question 22

Fibrinogen increased with:

Answer 22

• active inflammation = LA

- physiologic stress

Question 23

Fibrinogen decreased with:

Answer 23

• DIC
• snake bites
• liver failure

Question 24

Lab findings with iron-deficiency anemia

Answer 24

Microcytic, hypochromic/normochromic anemia
Fragmentation: schistocytes, keratocytes, acanthocytes
THROMBOCYTOSIS
Panhypoproteinemia
Early polychromasia, then diminished

Question 25

Two classic signs of lead toxicity

Answer 25

Metarubricytosis (NERBS)

Basophilic stippling

Question 26

What clinical findings differentiate intravascular and extravascular hemorrhage?

Answer 26

Intravascular: hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinura

Both have bilirubinemia, bilirubinuria, icterus

Question 27

What RBC morphology accompanies extravascular hemolytic anemia?

Answer 27

Spherocyte = immune/other causes, erythrocytes coated with antibody

Question 28

What RBC morphology accompanies intravascular hemolytic anemia?

Answer 28

Ghosts = immune-mediated attack, Hgb leaks out

Question 29

IMHA lab findings

Answer 29

Regenerative anemia
Agglutination
Spherocytosis (no central parlor)
Neutrophilia
Pigmenturia/emia - bilirubinuria, bilirubinemia, icterus (NOT HEMOGLOBINEMIA/URIA BC IMHA IS EXTRAVASCULAR)
Variable platelets
Abnormal liver enzymes

Question 30

RBC changes seen with oxidative damage

Answer 30

Heinz bodies
Eccentrocytes, pyknosis
Methemoglobin - can’t carry O2

Question 31

Lab findings for hemolytic anemia caused by oxidative damage

Answer 31

Regenerative anemia = polychromasia
Heinz bodies (NMB stain)
Eccentrocytes, pyknocytes
Methemoglobinemia on spot test filter 
Hgb crystals

Question 32

Common non-regenerative anemia lab findings

Answer 32

Normocytic, normochromic anemia (mild to moderate)
Non-regenerative - no polychromasia
Other cells lines affected with intramarrow disease - leukopenia, thrombocytopenia

Question 33

DIC lab findings

Answer 33

Anemia
Thrombocytopenia (mild to mod)
Fragmentation morphology = acanthocytes, schistocytes

May also have prolonged clotting tests, or faster if phase 1
Increased FDPs

Question 34

Lab findings for vW disease

Answer 34

Bleeding, cutaneous bruising, hemorrhage
Prolonged BMBT*
Normal platelet count
Normal PT, PTT (PTT prolonged in horses)