Quick Review Flashcards
Counseling Field Highlights by Decade
1950s - counseling, not testing, became the primary guidance function.
1960s - rise to variety of competing psychotherapies.
1970s - ushered in crisis hotlines, biofeedback, and behavior modifications.
1980s - Application of Human Growth & Development; counseling became a profession with licensing and professional affiliations.
1990s - increased literature on psychiatric and counseling research & a greater understanding
G. Stanley Hall
Founder of psychology in the US & first president of the American Psychological Association.
Behaviorism Theorists & Theory Highlights
John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, B.F. Skinner
Mind as a blank slate and behavior is learned over time
Erik Erickson
1963 work “Children & Society”
Eight Psychosocial Stages:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth - 1.5 yrs)
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1.5 - 3yrs)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 6 yrs)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - 11yrs)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 - 18yrs)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 - 35yrs)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 - 60yrs)
- Integrity vs. Despair (60+yrs)
Jean Piaget
Sensorimotor (Birth - 2yrs) - hallmark is mastering object permanence Preoperational (2 - 7yrs) - hallmark is mastering centration Concrete Operations (7 - 12yrs) - hallmark is mastering conservation Formal Operations (12 - 16yrs) - hallmark is mastering abstract scientific thinking
Lawrence Kohlberg
Three Levels of Moral Development:
1. Preconventional Level - behavior governed by consequences
- Conventional Level - desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
- Postconventional Level - self-accepted moral principles guide behavior
Carol Gilligan
Built off of Kohlberg’s model; 1982 book “In a Different Voice” - focused her model on female moral development
Daniel Levinson
1978 classic book “The Seasons of a Man”
Four eras include:
- Childhood & Adolescence
- Early Adulthood
- Middle Adulthood
- Late Adulthood
Lev Vygotsky
(1896 - 1934)
Proposed that cognitive development is not result of innate factors, but is produced by activities that take place in culture.
Zone of proximal development (ZDP) - difference in child’s ability to solve problems on how & capacity to solve them with help from others.
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Developmental Stages:
- Oral (Birth - 1yr)
- Anal (1 - 3yrs)
- Phallic (Oedipal/Electra Complex; 3 - 7yrs)
- Latency (5 - 12yrs)
- Genital (Adolescence & Adulthood)
Child or adult may experience a regression or fixation of stages.
Key Elements: free association, dreams and wish fulfillment, unconscious material (repression is most important), ego defense mechanisms, transference, abreaction and catharsis, id/ego/superego, and eros/thanatos instincts.
William Perry
Three Stage Theory of Intellectual & Ethical Development:
- Dualism - student view truth as right or wrong
- Relativism - notion that a perfect answer does not exist - desire to know various opinions
- Commitment to Relativism - willing to change own opinion based on novel facts and new POV
James W. Fowler
Drew on the work of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson
Prestage plus Six-Stage Theory of Faith & Spiritual Development:
Stage 0: Undifferentiated (primal) faith (Birth - 4yrs)
Stage 1: Intuitive-Projective Faith (2 - 7yrs)
Stage 2: Mythic-Literal Faith (childhood and beyond)
Stage 3: Synthetic-Conventional Faith (adolescence and beyond)
Stage 4: Individuative-Reflective Faith (young adulthood and beyond)
Stage 5: Conjuctive Faith (mid-30s and beyond) - openness to other POVs, paradox, and appreciation of symbols and metaphors
Stage 6: Universalizing Faith (midlife and beyond) - few reach this stage of enlightenment
Diana Baumrind
Parenting Styles:
- Authoritative*
- Authoritarian
- Permissive/Passive Indulgent
Emic vs. Etic
Emic: help client understand his/her own culture
Etic: focus on similarities in people/treat people as same
Autoplastic vs. Alloplastic
Autoplastic: help client cope with his/her environment
Alloplastic: try to change the environment
Low Context vs. High Context Communication
Low context: explicit verbal explanations
High context: implicit nonverbal communication & respect for tradition and past
Leon Festinger
Social Comparison Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Stanley Schachter
Believed that “misery loves company” or “miserable company”
Atkinson, Morten, Sue
Five Stage Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)
- Conformity
- Dissonance
- Resistance and Immersion
- Introspection
- Synergetic Articulation and Awareness
Phillip Zimbardo
1971 Stanford Prison Experiment
a situation can control behavior as well as assigned roles
Muzafer Sherif
Robbers’ Cave Experiment
two opposing groups of boys end up working together as they attempt to solve some problem (a superordinate goal)
Solomon Asch / Asch Situation
1950’s - studies re: conformity based on length of line
in a social or group situation, people will sell out and agree with opinions of others even if they know they are wrong
John Darley & Bibb Latane
1964 - Bystander Effect/Apathy
the greater the number of people in a group, the less likely they are to assist a person in need
Stanley Milgram
1963 - Obedience to authority experiment
electrical shock experiment - study could explain the Holocaust
Psychoanalytic Theorists & Theory Highlights
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Harry Stack Sullivan, Heinz Hartmann, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Arthur Chickering, Mahler
Believe that biological forces drive development and individual strives to control these drives. Personality characteristics appear in childhood and are stable over time.
Existential & Humanistic Theorists of Human Growth & Development
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Cognitive Theorists of Human Growth & Development
Jean Piaget David Elkind Lawrence Kohlberg Carol Gillian Jane Loevinger William G. Perry Robert Kegan Robert Havighurst
Information Processing Theorists of Human Growth & Development
Case Flavell Seigler Meltzoff Sternberg
Behavioral & Social Learning Theorists of Human Growth & Development
Classic Conditioning/Respondent Conditioning:
- Ivan Pavlov
- John Watson
- Clark Hull
- Joseph Wolpe
Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Learning:
- Edward Thorndike
- BF Skinner
Vicarious Conditioning
- Albert Bandura
- George Kelly
- Edwin R. Guthrie
Trait Theorists of Human Growth & Development
Henry Murray
Gordon Allport
Raymond Cattell
Ethological, Biological & Physical Theorists of Human Growth & Development
HF Harlow Renee Spitz Konrad Lorenz John Bowlby Mary Ainsworth Arnold Gesell Stella Thomas & Alexander Chess Gibson's Visual CLiff Jerome Bruner William Schelcion
Carl Jung
Analytic Psychology - Psychodynamic approach
Broke away from Freud in 1914 due to belief that Freud overemphasized role of sexuality.
Key Elements: personal unconscious and collective unconscious, archetypes (such as persona, animus, anima, androgynous, etc.), the self (symbolized as a mandala), extroversion/introversion typologies, and individuation.
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has roots in Jung’s work.
Alfred Adler
Individual Psychology - Psychodynamic approach
Broke away from Freud to create his own theory.
Focuses on the fact that behavior is one’s unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority - construct a lifestyle which is chosen.
Key Elements: “will to power” to generate feelings of superiority, principle of fictional finalism/behavior is motivated by future opportunities rather than past, birth order/family constellation
*A teleological theory - influenced by future goals rather than one’s past.
