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National Counselors Exam > Quick Review > Flashcards

Quick Review Flashcards

1
Q

Counseling Field Highlights by Decade

A

1950s - counseling, not testing, became the primary guidance function.

1960s - rise to variety of competing psychotherapies.

1970s - ushered in crisis hotlines, biofeedback, and behavior modifications.

1980s - Application of Human Growth & Development; counseling became a profession with licensing and professional affiliations.

1990s - increased literature on psychiatric and counseling research & a greater understanding

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2
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Founder of psychology in the US & first president of the American Psychological Association.

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3
Q

Behaviorism Theorists & Theory Highlights

A

John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, B.F. Skinner

Mind as a blank slate and behavior is learned over time

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4
Q

Erik Erickson

A

1963 work “Children & Society”

Eight Psychosocial Stages:

  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth - 1.5 yrs)
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1.5 - 3yrs)
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 6 yrs)
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - 11yrs)
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 - 18yrs)
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 - 35yrs)
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 - 60yrs)
  8. Integrity vs. Despair (60+yrs)
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5
Q

Jean Piaget

A 
Sensorimotor (Birth - 2yrs) 
- hallmark is mastering object permanence
Preoperational (2 - 7yrs)
- hallmark is mastering centration
Concrete Operations (7 - 12yrs)
- hallmark is mastering conservation
Formal Operations (12 - 16yrs)
- hallmark is mastering abstract scientific thinking
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6
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Three Levels of Moral Development:
1. Preconventional Level - behavior governed by consequences

  1. Conventional Level - desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
  2. Postconventional Level - self-accepted moral principles guide behavior
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7
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Built off of Kohlberg’s model; 1982 book “In a Different Voice” - focused her model on female moral development

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8
Q

Daniel Levinson

A

1978 classic book “The Seasons of a Man”

Four eras include:

  1. Childhood & Adolescence
  2. Early Adulthood
  3. Middle Adulthood
  4. Late Adulthood
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9
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

(1896 - 1934)
Proposed that cognitive development is not result of innate factors, but is produced by activities that take place in culture.

Zone of proximal development (ZDP) - difference in child’s ability to solve problems on how & capacity to solve them with help from others.

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10
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Developmental Stages:

  1. Oral (Birth - 1yr)
  2. Anal (1 - 3yrs)
  3. Phallic (Oedipal/Electra Complex; 3 - 7yrs)
  4. Latency (5 - 12yrs)
  5. Genital (Adolescence & Adulthood)

Child or adult may experience a regression or fixation of stages.

Key Elements: free association, dreams and wish fulfillment, unconscious material (repression is most important), ego defense mechanisms, transference, abreaction and catharsis, id/ego/superego, and eros/thanatos instincts.

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11
Q

William Perry

A

Three Stage Theory of Intellectual & Ethical Development:

  1. Dualism - student view truth as right or wrong
  2. Relativism - notion that a perfect answer does not exist - desire to know various opinions
  3. Commitment to Relativism - willing to change own opinion based on novel facts and new POV
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12
Q

James W. Fowler

A

Drew on the work of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson

Prestage plus Six-Stage Theory of Faith & Spiritual Development:

Stage 0: Undifferentiated (primal) faith (Birth - 4yrs)
Stage 1: Intuitive-Projective Faith (2 - 7yrs)
Stage 2: Mythic-Literal Faith (childhood and beyond)
Stage 3: Synthetic-Conventional Faith (adolescence and beyond)
Stage 4: Individuative-Reflective Faith (young adulthood and beyond)
Stage 5: Conjuctive Faith (mid-30s and beyond) - openness to other POVs, paradox, and appreciation of symbols and metaphors
Stage 6: Universalizing Faith (midlife and beyond) - few reach this stage of enlightenment

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13
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Parenting Styles:

  • Authoritative*
  • Authoritarian
  • Permissive/Passive Indulgent
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14
Q

Emic vs. Etic

A

Emic: help client understand his/her own culture
Etic: focus on similarities in people/treat people as same

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15
Q

Autoplastic vs. Alloplastic

A

Autoplastic: help client cope with his/her environment
Alloplastic: try to change the environment

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16
Q

Low Context vs. High Context Communication

A

Low context: explicit verbal explanations

High context: implicit nonverbal communication & respect for tradition and past

17
Q

Leon Festinger

A

Social Comparison Theory

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

18
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

Believed that “misery loves company” or “miserable company”

19
Q

Atkinson, Morten, Sue

A

Five Stage Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)

  1. Conformity
  2. Dissonance
  3. Resistance and Immersion
  4. Introspection
  5. Synergetic Articulation and Awareness
20
Q

Phillip Zimbardo

A

1971 Stanford Prison Experiment

a situation can control behavior as well as assigned roles

21
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

Robbers’ Cave Experiment

two opposing groups of boys end up working together as they attempt to solve some problem (a superordinate goal)

22
Q

Solomon Asch / Asch Situation

A

1950’s - studies re: conformity based on length of line

in a social or group situation, people will sell out and agree with opinions of others even if they know they are wrong

23
Q

John Darley & Bibb Latane

A

1964 - Bystander Effect/Apathy

the greater the number of people in a group, the less likely they are to assist a person in need

24
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

1963 - Obedience to authority experiment

electrical shock experiment - study could explain the Holocaust

25
Q

Psychoanalytic Theorists & Theory Highlights

A

Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Harry Stack Sullivan, Heinz Hartmann, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Arthur Chickering, Mahler

Believe that biological forces drive development and individual strives to control these drives. Personality characteristics appear in childhood and are stable over time.

26
Q

Existential & Humanistic Theorists of Human Growth & Development

A

Abraham Maslow

Carl Rogers

27
Q

Cognitive Theorists of Human Growth & Development

A 
Jean Piaget
David Elkind
Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gillian
Jane Loevinger
William G. Perry
Robert Kegan
Robert Havighurst
28
Q

Information Processing Theorists of Human Growth & Development

A 
Case
Flavell
Seigler
Meltzoff
Sternberg
29
Q

Behavioral & Social Learning Theorists of Human Growth & Development

A

Classic Conditioning/Respondent Conditioning:

  • Ivan Pavlov
  • John Watson
  • Clark Hull
  • Joseph Wolpe

Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Learning:

  • Edward Thorndike
  • BF Skinner

Vicarious Conditioning

  • Albert Bandura
  • George Kelly
  • Edwin R. Guthrie
30
Q

Trait Theorists of Human Growth & Development

A

Henry Murray
Gordon Allport
Raymond Cattell

31
Q

Ethological, Biological & Physical Theorists of Human Growth & Development

A 
HF Harlow
Renee Spitz
Konrad Lorenz
John Bowlby
Mary Ainsworth
Arnold Gesell
Stella Thomas & Alexander Chess
Gibson's Visual CLiff
Jerome Bruner
William Schelcion
32
Q

Carl Jung

A

Analytic Psychology - Psychodynamic approach

Broke away from Freud in 1914 due to belief that Freud overemphasized role of sexuality.

Key Elements: personal unconscious and collective unconscious, archetypes (such as persona, animus, anima, androgynous, etc.), the self (symbolized as a mandala), extroversion/introversion typologies, and individuation.

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has roots in Jung’s work.

33
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Individual Psychology - Psychodynamic approach

Broke away from Freud to create his own theory.

Focuses on the fact that behavior is one’s unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority - construct a lifestyle which is chosen.

Key Elements: “will to power” to generate feelings of superiority, principle of fictional finalism/behavior is motivated by future opportunities rather than past, birth order/family constellation

*A teleological theory - influenced by future goals rather than one’s past.

National Counselors Exam (2 decks)

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