Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HISTOPATHOLOGY NOTES (CLN) > QUICK REVIEW 2 > Flashcards

QUICK REVIEW 2 Flashcards

1
Q

:  Process of trimming and cutting processed tissue (mostly, paraffin embedded tissue) into uniformly thin slices or sections to facilitate studies under the microscope.

A

MICROTOMY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

– a product of embedding

A

➢Tissue block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Essential Parts of the Microtome:

A
  1. Block Holder
  2. Knife carrier and knife
  3. Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel and Adjustment Screw
  4. Rotating Wheel
  5. Microtome gauge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

holds the tissue block during cutting/sectioning

A
  1. Block Holder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

used for actual cutting

A
  1. Knife carrier and knife
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

line up the tissue block in proper position with the knife, adjusting the proper thickness of the tissue for successive sections

A
  1. Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel and Adjustment Screw
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Needs to be manipulated, moved mechanically to start the cuting process

A
  1. Rotating Wheel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Determines the thickness of sections

A
  1. Microtome gauge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Principle of Microtomes:
A [?] is brought in contact with, and turns a [?]connected to a micrometer screw, which is in turn rotated, moving the [?] at a predetermined distance towards the knife for cutting sections at uniform thickness.

A

spring-balanced teeth (pawl)

ratchet feed wheel

tissue block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TYPES OF MICROTOMES

A

ROCKING (CAMBRIDGE) MICROTOME

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

SLIDING MICROTOME

ULTRATHIN MICROTOME

FREEZING MICROTOME

COLD MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

1881, Paldwell Trefall

A

ROCKING (CAMBRIDGE) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

18851886, Minot

A

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

1789, Adams

A

SLIDING MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1848, Queckett

A

FREEZING MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

10-12u

A

ROCKING (CAMBRIDGE) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4-6u

A

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4-9u

A

SLIDING MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

0.5u

A

ULTRATHIN MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

10-15u

A

FREEZING MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simplest

A

ROCKING (CAMBRIDGE) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

small & large paraffin-embedded blocks

A

ROCKING (CAMBRIDGE) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Not for serial sections (sections are cut in a slightly curved plane).

A

ROCKING (CAMBRIDGE) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dis: difficulty orienting the block ; tissue size is restricted

A

ROCKING (CAMBRIDGE) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Most common type of microtome

A

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

paraffin embedded sections

A

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Up & down VERTICAL movement = perfectly flat plane

A

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Heavier & more stable

A

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Incorporated in cryostat ; ultrathin sectioning

A

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Celloidin-embedded

A

Standard Sliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Celloidin-embedded

A

Standard Sliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Most dangerous

A

Standard Sliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

-knife is moving backward and forward

A

Standard Sliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

-knife is moving backward and forward

A

Standard Sliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

For hard & tough tissue blocks in all forms of media

A

Base-Sledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

For electron microscopy

A

FREEZING MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Uses fragments of broken plate glass

A

ULTRATHIN MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Undehydrated tissues in frozen state

A

FREEZING MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Undehydrated tissues in frozen state

A

FREEZING MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

For fats & tissue constituents that may be damaged

A

FREEZING MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

FREEZING MICROTOME Freezing agent: ______________________

A

Liquid carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

FREEZING MICROTOME Used for:

A

Undehydrated frozen tissue
Neurological structures
Heat damaged tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

for fresh tissue type

A

COLD MICROTOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

COLD MICROTOME Uses _____________ microtome

A

Rotary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

COLD MICROTOME Kept cold @ ___________ (Average: ________)

A

-5 to -30oC

-20oC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

COLD MICROTOME Freezing occurs within _________

A

2-3 mins only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

COLD MICROTOME Tissue size : _________

A

4 u

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

KINDS OF MICROTOME KNIVES (Compound Microscope)

A

Plane-Concave

Plane-Wedge

Biconcave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

KINDS OF MICROTOME KNIVES (Electron Microscope)

A

Diamond-edge

Glass knives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

for paraffin- & celloidin- embedded sections

A

Plane-Concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

for celloidin-embedded sections & for extremely hard tissues

A

Plane-Wedge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

for paraffin-embedded sections

A

Biconcave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Rocking, rotary, base-sledge ; 25 u

A

Plane-Concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Plane-Concave
• Plane knives:
• Concave:

A

celloidin

paraffin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Base-sledge, sliding ; 100 u

A

Plane-Wedge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Rotary ; 120 u

A

Biconcave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

resin blocks for UTM & for EM

A

Diamond-edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Resin and Cryo sections (tokuyasu samples) ; Ultrathin

A

Glass knives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Two triangular shaped knives w/ even pressure

A

Glass knives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Wash both with detergent and rinse w/

A

alcohol or distilled water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

: 2-4 u, used for cryostat

A

Magnetic knives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

MICROTOME KNIVES ANGLES

A

Clearance Angle
Wedge Angle
Bevel Angle
Rake Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

between the edge of the knife & the tissue block

A

Clearance Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

5 – 15 degrees

A

Clearance Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

angle of cutting

A

Wedge Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

15 degrees

A

Wedge Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

angle of cutting facet

A

Bevel Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

27 – 32 degrees

A

Bevel Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Angle between the block face and upper facet of knife

A

Rake Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

90 degrees to the block surface

A

Rake Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Incline the knife [?] clearance angle to avoid uneven sections

A

5-10o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

– must be of good quality steel

A

Cutting edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

: doesn’t maintain the edge

A

Too soft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

: is likely to nick against hard objects

A

Too hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

TESTS: Should cut a paraffin wax block at [?]thickness w/o serrations when examined under the microscope (100 X)

A

2 – 4 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Will split a hair drawn across it with only their own resistance

A

Von Mhol’s criterion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

• uses the light’s reflection
• Reflected: sharp
• Absorbed: not recommended for cutting

A

Von Mhol’s criterion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

to remove nicks & irregularities

A

HONING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

HONES:

A

Carborundum
Arkansas
Belgium yellow
Belgian black vein (blue-green)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

 Coarse Honing
 Honing Proper

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

to remove burrs

A

STROPING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

final polishing

A

STROPING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

• badly nicked knife w/ silicon carbide

A

Carborundum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

• Polishing effect

A

Arkansas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

• Manual sharpening

A

Belgium yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

• Best manual honing stone

A

Belgian black vein (blue-green)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

: much coarser honing

A

Fine carborundum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Smooth stones , Machine hone

A

HONING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Soapy water, Oil(Mineral oil, Castor oil, Clove oil) or Xylene

A

HONING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Heel-to-Toe

A

HONING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Zigzag

A

HONING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Shell horse ; Leather

A

STROPING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Vegetable Oil

A

STROPING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Toe-to-Heel

A

STROPING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

30 strokes on each side (Mechanical honing)
10-20 strokes each surface (Planewedge knives)

A

HONING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

40-120 constant strokes

A

STROPING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

HONES: (oilstones)

A

Plate Glass Honing

Factory Grinding

Automatic hones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

• The finer the grain,

A

the harder the hone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

: used for final polishing (covered with/ POWDERED ALUMINUM OXIDE as an abrasive)

A

• Diamantine (• Plate Glass Honing )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

• After repeated sharpening

A

Factory Grinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

• Widened Bevel angle (>35o)

A

Factory Grinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

PRECAUTIONS IN MICROTOMY
 Cutting edge must be [?]
 Cutting edge must be [?] than the section to be cut
 [?] and its corresponding knife back should not be interchanged

A

sharp & smooth

THINNER

Knife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

PROPER CARE
 Microtome -?
 Knife- [?]
 Hone-[?]
 Strop

A

Xylol

remove when not in use

lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Always use a back, when required, for sharpening. This is not necessary with

A

bi-concave knives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

GENERAL STEPS IN FIXING SECTIONS ONTO THE SLIDE

A

Floating
Adhesion (Optional)
Fishing out
Orientation
Deparaffinization
Drying sections
Post-mordanting (Optional)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

water bath (temp: 10C < MP of wax)

A

Floating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Mayer’ s egg albumin ( Or pooled serum)

A

Adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Transfer of tissue sections/ribbons on the slide (use camel’s hair brush)

A

Fishing out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Correct positioning of the tissue section/ribbon on the slide

Minimum tissue per slide:
Position:

A

Orientation

3

centered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

alcohol lamp - Can distort/overheat tissue
paraffin oven - Best

A

Deparaffinization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

wax oven (56 deg C – 60 deg C for 2 hrs)
Incubators (overnight) - 37oC
Hot plate (45deg C – 55 deg C for 30 – 45 mins.)
Alcohol lamp/ bunsen flame

A

Drying sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

wax oven (?)
Incubators (overnight) -
Hot plate (?)
Blower-type electric slide dryer (?)

A

56 deg C – 60 deg C for 2 hrs

37oC

45deg C – 55 deg C for 30 – 45 mins.

50 - 55°C for 20 - 30 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

water bath (temp:[?])

A

100C < MP of wax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Secondary fixation (post-chroming)

A

Post-mordanting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Used primarily as mordant & secondary as fixative

A

Post-mordanting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

 central rotating spindle

A

AUTOMATIC TISSUE PROCESSING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

 horizontal radial arm (clock-controlled transfer arm)

A

AUTOMATIC TISSUE PROCESSING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

 “basket”

A

AUTOMATIC TISSUE PROCESSING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

 Thermostat (within walls of beakers) - for temperature control

A

AUTOMATIC TISSUE PROCESSING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

A short repetitive, up-and-down motion of the entire head assembly or arm

A

AUTOMATIC TISSUE PROCESSING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

AUTOMATIC TISSUE PROCESSING
• Selection of Tissue Blocks
Size: area:
thickness: NOT be

A

3 by 2 ½ cm.

> 4 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

AUTOMATIC TISSUE PROCESSING
Dehydrating & Clearing : change at least [?]
Wax bath: at least [?] above the MP of wax; [?]
Machine: with adequate [?]

A

once/week

3 OC ; 2 - 3 changes (Manual: 2-5oC , 4 changes)

ventilating system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

By mounting the sections in [?] aq. foaling-out, gelatin solution or unto albuminized slide, draining excess fluid, and while still moist, placing them in a covered Coplin jar containing [?] 40% formaldehyde in the incubator for [?]

A

0.1 - 0.25%

2-3 ml

4 - 18 hrs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q
  • Demonstrate bacterial morphology
A

NEGATIVE STAINING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q
  • Unstained organism is seen agalnst a black background
A

NEGATIVE STAINING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

CLEARING PRIOR TO STAINING: The [?] must be REVERSED in order to deparaffinize the tissue and allow water soluble dyes to penetrate the sections.

A

embedding process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Purpose of Staining/Dyeing:
• For [?]
• Better [?]
• Improve [?]

A

contrast

optical differentiation

aesthetic value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Chemical basis or dyestuffs:

A

• Chromophores: “color-bearers”
• Auxochrome: “increasers”/electron donors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

: “color-bearers” ; Dye capable of producing color

A

• Chromophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

: “increasers”/electron donors ; Enhance the intensity of staining based on electron donors

A

• Auxochrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

(basic; pinkish) ; (acidic; bluish)

A

Cytoplasm ; nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

direct interaction by the tissue constituent with a dye/stain = colored tissue component (Bacterial stains, microanatomical stains, muscle stains)

A

Histological Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

reaction between the dye and the tissue constituents (e.g. acidic to basic dyes, Pearl’s Prussian blue stain, PAS, enzyme stains)

A

Chemical/histochemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

(e.g. staining of dextran by iodine)

A

Adsorption phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

(e.g. staining of lipids by alcoholic solutions)

A

Differential solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

monoclonal, polyclonal or fluorescent-labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies

A

Immunohistochemical Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Process of giving color to the section

A

Direct Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Action of a dye is intensified by adding another agent

A

Indirect Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye, to make the staining reaction possible; adhesive-like

A

Mordant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

potassium alum with hematoxylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin, and iron in Weigert’s hematoxylin

A

Mordant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

not essential to the chemical union of the tissue and the dye; does not participate in the staining reaction, but merely accelerates the reaction

A

Accentuator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Examples are potassium hydroxide in Loeffler’s methylene blue and phenol in carbol thionine and carbol fuchsin.

A

Accentuator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Examples are potassium hydroxide in Loeffler’s methylene blue and phenol in carbol thionine and carbol fuchsin.

A

Accentuator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Staining is done in a definite sequence and for a definite period of time until desired intensity is attained ; Lighter to darker

A

Progressive Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Initially overstaining the tissue and the excess stain is removed or decolorized ; Darker to lighter (ex. iodine in gram’s)

A

Regressive Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Differentiator/Decolorizer (?)

A

alcohol or water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

-Differentiates particular substance by staining it with a color different from that of the stain itself.

A

Metachromatic Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

-Dependent on the ability to polymerize

A

Metachromatic Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

-Uses a different color to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated

A

Counterstaining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

-Demonstrates general relationship of tissue with general differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm, except the inclusion bodies.

A

Microanatomical Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

-Tissue elements are demonstrated by colorless solution of metallic salts which are reduced by the tissue to produce an opaque appearance

A

Metallic Impregnation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

-Unlike stain, not absorbed by the tissue

A

Metallic Impregnation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

-Most valuable: Gold and Silver (Gold chloride or Silver nitrate)

A

Metallic Impregnation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

Using a color similar to the color of the tissue

A

Orthochromatic Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

Staining of living cell constituents (except: nucleus)

Ex. Mitochondria, cytoplasm; used to count living vs. nonliving (sperm counting)

A

Vital Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

injecting dye into any part of the animal body

Before biopsy (Ex. India ink)

*lithium, carmine and India ink

A

Intravital Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

staining of living cells immediately after removal from the living body

(Ex. Neutral red, Janus Green - mito)

  • New Methylene Blue and Brilliant Cresyl Blue for reticulocyte staining
A

Supravital Staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

H:
E:
Routine:

A

Primary, basic, nuclear, blue to black

Counter/secondary, acidic, cytoplasmic, pink

regressive/histochem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

Most valuable stain

A

Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

Hematoxylin Extracted from the core of the wood of a mexican tree:

A

Haematoxylon campechianum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

Hematoxylin Active coloring agent (Most widely used agent):

A

Hematin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

-Gives deep blue color

A

Hematin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

-Formed via ripening (oxidation of hematoxylin)

A

Hematin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

This is usually accomplished by exposing the substance to air and sunlight, thereby oxidizing hematoxylin (?). Such a process is slow and takes as long as 3-4 months, but it can be accelerated by adding strong oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, mercuric oxide, potassium permanganate, sodium perborate or sodium iodate which converts hematoxylin to hematin almost instantaneously by chemical oxidation (?), so that the staining solution is ready for use immediately after preparation. It is essential that the oxidant be used in correct amount, since excessive oxidation (?) leads to production of other useless compounds.

A

natural ripening

artificial ripening

over-ripening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

Hematoxylin Principle:

A

The acidic component of the cell has affinity to basic dye and vice versa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

In Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, [?] stains the acidic part of the cell hence, called a nuclear stain. [?] is the cytoplasmic stain.

A

hematoxuylin

Eosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

Hematoxylin and Eosin stain Major Steps:

Note: Water-rising steps are not shown

A

De paraffinization
Hydration
Nuclear
Staining
Differentiation
Blueing
Counterstaining
Dehydration
Clearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

TYPES OF ALUM HEMATOXYLIN:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

-used for regressive staining

A

Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

-used for mucopolysaccharides, cartilage, cement lines of bones

A

Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

-requires 15-40 minutes staining time

A

Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

-used for routine nuclear staining in exfoliative cytology and sex chromosomes

A

Harris Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

requires 5-20 minutes of staining

A

Harris Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

-used for routine purposes, in sequence with Celestine blue

A

Cole’s Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

-requires 10 minutes of staining

A

Cole’s Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

-Used in Celestine Blue Hemalum method of nuclear staining

A

Mayer’s Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

-Can be used in regressive/progressive stain

A

Mayer’s Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

-Uses ferric ammonium sulfate (iron alum) as mordants.

A

Iron Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

-applied in all fixatives producing permanent stains

A

Iron Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

-results to blackish or grayish differentiation

A

Iron Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

-minimal eyestrain and useful for photomicrography

A

Iron Hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

TYPES OF HEMATOXYLIN STAIN

A
182
Q

-standard iron hematoxylin

A

Weigert’s Hematoxylin

183
Q

-demonstrates muscle fibers and connective tissue

A

Weigert’s Hematoxylin

184
Q

-recommended for acid decolorizers of nucleus with alum hematoxylin

A

Weigert’s Hematoxylin

185
Q

-cytological stain for regressive staining of thin section

A

Haidenhain’s Hematoxylin

186
Q

-used for both nucleus and cytoplasmic

A

Haidenhain’s Hematoxylin

187
Q

-demonstrates voluntary muscle striations and myelin

A

Haidenhain’s Hematoxylin

188
Q

-stains paraffin, celloidin and frozen sections

A

Phsophotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

189
Q

-requires 12-24 hours

A

Phsophotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

190
Q

-maybe used in progressive staining.

A

Phsophotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

191
Q

-color of the solution ranges from reddish brown to purple.

A

Phsophotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

192
Q

OTHER STAIN

A
193
Q

Old histologic dye derived from an extract from the female bug: Dactylopius coccus costa / Coccus cacti

A

Cochineal Dye/Carmine Dye

194
Q

Vegetable dye extracted from Lichens

A

Orcein

195
Q

Derived from the dried Stigmata of Crocus Sativus

A

Saffron

196
Q

-passing the tissue to an alkaline solution

A

Blueing

197
Q

-Blueing forms insoluble (?) tissue lake

A

blue aluminum-hematin

198
Q

Substitute for ammonia:

A

Tap Water (Sodium bicarbonate, Magnesium Sulfate, Distilled Water, Thymol)

199
Q

Substitute for ammonia:

A

Tap Water (Sodium bicarbonate, Magnesium Sulfate, Distilled Water, Thymol)

200
Q

Factors affecting the blueing:

A

Cold water
Very cold (below 10 deg C)
Warm water

201
Q

 Known as Coal Tar Dyes

A

SYNTHETIC DYE

202
Q

 Derived from hydrocarbon benzenes

A

SYNTHETIC DYE

203
Q

 Collectively known as “aniline” dyes

A

SYNTHETIC DYE

204
Q

-produces color

A

Chromophores

205
Q

-benzene compounds containing chromophore; not permanent

A

Chromogens

206
Q

-Electrolytic dissociation mechanism

A

Auxochrome

207
Q

-consist of chromophore and auxochrome attached to a hydrocarbon benzene ring

A

Dye

208
Q

: base is sodium

A

ACID DYE

209
Q

: radically taken from acetic, sulfuric or HCl

A

BASIC DYE

210
Q

: combination of acid and basic dye

A

NEUTRAL DYE

211
Q

soluble in alcohol but insoluble in water

A

NEUTRAL DYE

212
Q

-most valuable stain for connective tissue and cytoplasm

A

EOSIN

213
Q

-used as a background for contrasting stain

A

EOSIN

214
Q

-common basic nuclear stain, employed with eosin

A

METHYLENE BLUE

215
Q

-valuable for plasma cells, and for diagnosing fresh sputum for malignant cells

A

METHYLENE BLUE

216
Q

-Diagnosis of diphtheria

A

METHYLENE BLUE

217
Q

metachromatic dye

A

METHYLENE VIOLET

218
Q

-derived when methylene blue is heated in a fixed alkaline solution

A

METHYLENE VIOLET

219
Q

Fixed tissues

A

TOLUIDINE VIOLET

220
Q

-used for thionine in fresh frozen tissue

A

TOLUIDINE VIOLET

221
Q

-recommended for Nissl granules or chromophilic bodies

A

TOLUIDINE VIOLET

222
Q

-Nuclear or chromatin stain

A

CYRSTAL VIOLET

223
Q

-Used for staining amyloid in frozen sections

A

CYRSTAL VIOLET

224
Q

-Cytoplasmic stain

A

ANILINE BLUE

225
Q

-Used for counterstaining epithelial sections

A

ANILINE BLUE

226
Q

Plasma stain

A

BASIC FUSCHIN

227
Q

Plasma stain

A

BASIC FUSCHIN

228
Q

Plasma stain

A

BASIC FUSCHIN

229
Q

-Used for deep staining of mitochondria

A

BASIC FUSCHIN

230
Q

-Used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes

A

GIEMSA STAIN

231
Q

-Resistant to strong acid dyes

A

CELESTINE BLUE

232
Q

Recommended for routine staining of freed sections

A

CELESTINE BLUE

233
Q

-Resistant to strong acid dyes

A

CELESTINE BLUE

234
Q
  • Giving good nuclear definition when used in conjunction with alum hematoxylin
A

CELESTINE BLUE

235
Q

Weakly basic dye

A

MALACHITE GREEN

236
Q

Used as a contrast stain for staining erythrocytes

A

MALACHITE GREEN

237
Q

Used as both decolorizer and as counter stain

A

MALACHITE GREEN

238
Q

-Stains chromatin green in the presence of an acid

A

METHYL GREEN

239
Q

-Gives false positive with certain secretions such as mucin

A

METHYL GREEN

240
Q

-Used as contrast staining for Gram’s technique in Acid fast and Papanicolau method

A

BISMARK BROWN

241
Q

Staining diptheria organisms

A

BISMARK BROWN

242
Q

Colored salt of ferric ferrocyanide

A

PRUSSIAN BLUE

243
Q

Utilized for manufacture of paints

A

PRUSSIAN BLUE

244
Q

May be used for microanatomical color contrast for demonstrating of the circulatory system by injection

A

PRUSSIAN BLUE

245
Q

An excellent stain for elastic fibers

A

ORCEIN

246
Q

Recommended in dermatological studies

A

ORCEIN

247
Q

Employed as a contrast stain to Acid fuchsin

A

PICRIC ACID

248
Q

Chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations

A

CARMINE

249
Q

Usually kept in ammoniacal solution

A

CARMINE

250
Q

Usually combined with aluminum chloride to stain glycogen and mucin

A

CARMINE

251
Q

PRECAUTIONS IN STAINING
1. Avoid stains on the skin – [?]
2. Falling [?]
3. Faulty [?]

A

0.5% acid

sections

staining solution

252
Q

• Protection
• Better optical quality
• Preserve the tissue section for years.

A

MOUNTING

253
Q

• Mounting media -RI of (slide)

A

1.518

254
Q

AQUEOUS MOUNTING MEDIA

RESIN MOUNTING MEDIA

A
255
Q

For frozen sections, fats, amyloid

A
  1. Water
256
Q

Requires solidification

A
  1. Glycerin
257
Q

 Gelatin, Glycerol, distilled water and phenol

A

 Glycerin Jelly - RI (1.47)

258
Q

• Pure gum arabic, cane sugar or sucrose, distilled water and thymol crystals

A
  1. Apathy’s medium – RI (1.52)
259
Q

• Gum arabic, distilled water, glycerol and sodium merthiolate

A
  1. Farrant’s medium – RI (1.43)
260
Q

• Glucose, Glycerine, spirits of camphor and distilled water

A
  1. Bruns Fluid
261
Q

• Used for preparation that has been cleared with xylene of toluene

A

RESIN MOUNTING MEDIA

262
Q

• Used for preparation that has been cleared with xylene of toluene

A

RESIN MOUNTING MEDIA

263
Q

CONSIDERATIONS: A mountant should be:
• be freely miscible with [?]
• NOT dry quickly, Should NOT crack or form [?] on slide upon drying
• NOT fade out or dissolve out tissue sections, NOT cause [?]
• leach out any stain or affect staining, NOT change in [?]
• set out to produce [?] of sections

A

xylene or toluene

artifactual granularity

distortion or shrinkage

COLOR or pH

permanent mounting

264
Q

RINGING: • Sealing the sides of the coverslip with

A

 Paraffin wax
 Kronig/Du Noyer’s mixture
 Nail varnish

265
Q

DRYING OF MOUNTED SLIDES:
Setting of the mounting medium /Before microscopic examination:
 Hot plate or Wax oven at [?]
Before Filing the mounted slide:
[?] in an oven for 2 hrs or at [?] for 2 – 3 days

A

50OC for 2 hrs

37OC – 60OC ; room temp

266
Q

Branch of medicine which deals w/ the study of cells that are exfoliated or scraped off from the lining epithelium & mucosa of different organs

A

EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

267
Q

study of abnormal cells (e.g. CA cells)

A

CYTOPATHOLOGY

268
Q

study of the different methods of preparing the cells for microscopic examination

A

CYTOTECHNIQUE

269
Q

 For diagnosis of Cancer

A

DIAGNOSTIC EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

270
Q

 For differentiation between malignant & benign tumors

A

DIAGNOSTIC EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

271
Q

 Differentiate tumors from other diseases (e.g. infections, inflammations or degenerations)

A

DIAGNOSTIC EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

272
Q

 Assessment of hormonal status of an individual (determine fertility conditions among males & females)

A

DIAGNOSTIC EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

273
Q

 Determination of the “true sex” of an individual

A

DIAGNOSTIC EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

274
Q

cells are markedly undifferentiated histologically

A

Cancer (Malignancy)

275
Q

CRITERIA for MICROSCOPIC Dx of CANCER:

A

Pleomorphism
Hyperchromatism
Multinucleation
Atypical Mitotic Figures
Nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio)

276
Q

variation in size, shape, form & appearance of the cells

A

Pleomorphism

277
Q

increase in staining affinity above the normal, affecting mainly the nuclear structures (in contrast to vesicular staining of cytoplasm)

A

Hyperchromatism

278
Q

increase in the no. of nuclei

A

Multinucleation

279
Q

Abnormal stages

A

Atypical Mitotic Figures

280
Q

is used to diagnosed atypia and malignancy

A

Nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio)

281
Q

Increased N;C :

A

Reversed (marginalized/fewer cytoplasm)

282
Q

CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ABNORMAL CELLS

A

CHANGES IN THE CELL MEMBRANE

CHANGES IN THE CYTOPLASM

CHANGES IN THE CELL NUCLEUS

283
Q

CHANGES IN THE CELL MEMBRANE

A

a. Variation in size, shape or form of the cell
b. Enlargement of the cells
c. Diminution in size of cells
d. Indistinctness in the cellular boundary

284
Q

CHANGES IN THE CYTOPLASM

A

a. Excessive cytoplasmic inclusions (e.g. pigment granules)
b. Disintegration of cytoplasmic organelles
c. Dissolution of cytoplasmic components

285
Q

CHANGES IN THE NUCLEUS

A

a. Pyknosis
b. Karyorrhexis
c. Karyolysis

286
Q

– condensation of the chromatin materials

A

a. Pyknosis

287
Q

– breaking down of nuclear components

A

b. Karyorrhexis

288
Q

– dissolution of the nuclear structures

A

c. Karyolysis

289
Q

– dissolution of the nuclear structures

A

c. Karyolysis

290
Q

ability for reproductive function ; Assessment of hormonal status (vaginal cytology)

A

Fertility ability

291
Q

Sex Determination Specimen:

A

scrapings from the buccal & vaginal mucosa

292
Q

True sex is determined based on the presence of Barr bodies (inner aspect of nuclear membrane)

A

Sex Determination

293
Q

True sex is determined based on the presence of Barr bodies (inner aspect of nuclear membrane)

A

Sex Determination

294
Q

Lining epithelium & mucosa of the female reproductive tract (vagina, cervix & endometrium)

A

Scrapings & Aspirates

295
Q

Lining epithelium & mucosa of the female reproductive tract (vagina, cervix & endometrium)

A

Scrapings & Aspirates

296
Q

done by massage through intrarectal route using the middle & index fingers

A

Prostatic Secretions

297
Q

“deep cough” specimen; bronchoscopic aspiration

A

Bronchial secretions or sputum

298
Q

obtained by intubation technique (naso-gastric tube)

A

Gastric contents & duodenal fluid

299
Q

greenish– yellow, alkaline & mucoid

A

Duodenal fluid

300
Q

lumbar tap done on the intervertebral spaces between the 2nd & 3rd lumbar vertebra (Vim Silverman needle)

A

CSF

301
Q

obtained by thoracocentesis

A

Pleural fluid

302
Q

obtained by pericardiocentesis

A

Pericardial fluid

303
Q

obtained by paracentesis abdominis

A

Peritoneal fluid

304
Q

PREPARATION OF CYTOLOGIC SMEARS

A

 Touch Preparation
 Spreading
 Streaking
 Pull-apart
 Teasing

305
Q

Specimen that require an adhesive:

A
  • Urinary sediment
  • Bronchial lavage specimen
  • Specimen that utilize proteolytic enzymes during processing
306
Q

Adhesives:

A
  • Pooled human serum or plasma
  • Celloidin ether alcohol
  • Leuconostoc culture
307
Q

Smears should be placed into the [?] immediately after preparation

A

fixative

308
Q

Common Fixatives:

A

 Ethyl ether
 95% ethyl alcohol
 Isopropyl alcohol with ethyl alcohol
 Acetone with glycol
 Carnoy’s fluid
 Delaunoy’s fluid

309
Q

may be performed regularly without undue risk.

A

VAGINAL HORMONAL CYTOLOGY

310
Q

• Best taken from the (?) of the vaginal wall

A

VAGINAL HORMONAL CYTOLOGY

upper lateral third

311
Q

• More accessible

A

VAGINAL HORMONAL CYTOLOGY

312
Q

• Less likely to be contaminated by cellular debris or vaginal discharges

A

VAGINAL HORMONAL CYTOLOGY

313
Q

Dark pyknotic nuclei

A

Mature superficial cells

314
Q

True acidophilia (characteristic of superficial vaginal cells under Estrogen influence

A

Mature superficial cells

315
Q

medium-sized polyhedral or elongated cells with basophilic cytoplasm showing vacuoles

A

Intermediate cells

316
Q

boat-shaped w/ tendency to fold or curl on edges

A

**Navicular cells

317
Q
  • combined estrogen-progesterone effect
A

**Navicular cells

318
Q
  • latter half of menstrual cycle
A

**Navicular cells

319
Q
  • during pregnancy
A

**Navicular cells

320
Q
  • menopause
A

**Navicular cells

321
Q

round, oval or boat-shaped cells with translucent basophilic cytoplasm (greatest at the center due to glycogen)

A

Pregnancy cells

322
Q
  • double-walled boundary appearance
A

Pregnancy cells

323
Q

Fried egg appearance

A

Parabasal cells

324
Q

 Strongly basophilic cytoplasm & a large vesicular nucleus

A

Parabasal cells

325
Q

 2 weeks of age to puberty

A

Parabasal cells

326
Q

 After childbirth

A

Parabasal cells

327
Q

 Abortions

A

Parabasal cells

328
Q

 After menopause

A

Parabasal cells

329
Q

slightly cylindrical w/ less basophilic cytoplasm

A

Endometrial cells

330
Q

Large groups or small sheets

A

Endocervical Cells

331
Q

Pale blue/gray cytoplasm

A

Endocervical Cells

332
Q

Pale blue/gray cytoplasm

A

Endocervical Cells

333
Q

Indistinct cell borders

A

Endocervical Cells

334
Q

Finely granular chromatin

A

Endocervical Cells

335
Q

small, round to slightly oval cells w/ relatively large nuclei

A

Basal cells

336
Q

-Found before puberty & after menopause

A

Basal cells

337
Q

– presence of a “palm leaf” pattern (arborization) on drying of the vaginal or cervical secretions due to formation of salt crystals under the influence of estrogen (inhibited by progesterone)

A

**FERNING

338
Q

CRITERIA FOR CYTOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF NORMAL PREGNANCY
1. [?] effect (NO ferning)
2. At least [?] of intermediate cells in clusters
3. Some [?] present
4. Less than [?] superficial cells
5. [?] background

A

Marked progesterone

50%

typical pregnancy cells

30%

Doderlein-filled “dirty”

339
Q

PAPANICOLAU

Advantages:
1. [?] of the cytoplasm; allows overlapped cells to be identified
2. Excellent [?]
3. [?] is predictable & of great value in identification & classification of cells
4. Valuable in comparing [?] in smears

A

Transparent blue stain

nuclear details

Color range

cellular appearances

340
Q

– 2nd best choice after Pap’s staining

A
  1. Phase – Contrast Microscopy
341
Q

 Used for hormonal evaluation of gynecologic specimen & for CA detection

A
  1. Phase – Contrast Microscopy
342
Q

 Used for hormonal evaluation of gynecologic specimen & for CA detection

A
  1. Phase – Contrast Microscopy
343
Q

– determines dry weight of individual cells or cellular constituents

A
  1. Interference Microscopy (IM)
344
Q

 CA cell nucleus & cytoplasmic dry weight is LESS than that of normal cells

A
  1. Interference Microscopy (IM)
345
Q

to detect organisms in cytologic preparations

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

346
Q

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES Purpose: for identification of specific or highly selective cellular epitopes/antigens in __________ and __________

A

Frozen ; Paraffin-embedded tissues

347
Q

Type of Antibodies

A
  1. POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES
  2. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
348
Q

-rabbit, goat, pig, sheep, horse and guinea pig

A
  1. POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES
349
Q

-Mice

A
  1. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
350
Q

Preparation of Tissue

A
  1. Cryostat
  2. Fixation a.______________ b._____________
  3. For previously fixed tissues such as formalin fixed and paraffin embedded: a. ________ b.__________
  4. For routinely fixed tissues,
    a. proteolytic enzyme digestion
    b. microwave ag retrieval
    c. mirowave and trypsin ag retrieval
    d. pressure cooker ag retrieval
351
Q
  1. Fixation a.______________ b._____________
A

Absolute alcohol
Acetone

352
Q
  1. For previously fixed tissues such as formalin fixed and paraffin embedded: a. ________ b.__________
A

Immunofluorescence
Immunoperoxidase

353
Q
  1. For previously fixed tissues such as formalin fixed and paraffin embedded: a. ________ b.__________
A

Immunofluorescence
Immunoperoxidase

354
Q
  1. For routinely fixed tissues
A

a. proteolytic enzyme digestion
b. microwave ag retrieval
c. mirowave and trypsin ag retrieval
d. pressure cooker ag retrieval

355
Q

• to breakdown formalin cross linking

A

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME DIGESTION

356
Q

• reveals the antigenic sites to be exposed

A

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME DIGESTION

357
Q

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME DIGESTION
• used to demonstrate ____________ Ig, __________ and specific ag (___________)

A

Heavy chain, Complement, Cytokeratin

358
Q

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME DIGESTION
• Preparation of tissue:

A

deparaffinized, 0.5% methanolic H202

359
Q

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME DIGESTION
Enzymes employed are

A

TRYPSIN and PROTEASE

360
Q

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME DIGESTION
Enzymes employed are

A

TRYPSIN and PROTEASE

361
Q

0.1% trypsin in 1% CaCl + Distilled H20
pH 7.8
NaOH
37 deg cel

A

TRYPSIN

362
Q

0.1% trypsin in 1% CaCl + Distilled H20
pH 7.8
NaOH
37 deg cel

A

TRYPSIN

363
Q

0.05 to 0.1% protease in distilled H20
pH 7.8
NaOH
37 deg cel

A

PROTEASE

364
Q

• boiling of formalin-fixed deparaffinized sections

A

MICROWAVE Ag RETRIEVAL

365
Q

MICROWAVE Ag RETRIEVAL
• 0.01M Citrate buffer ()
• EDTA ()
• Tris EDTA ()

A

pH 6.0

pH 8.0

pH 9.9 or 10.0

366
Q

MICROWAVE Ag RETRIEVAL
Can demonstrate:
1. Proliferation markers (?)
2. Hormone receptors (?)
3. Growth factor receptors (?)

A

Ki67 or MIB-1

ER and PR

HER-2/neu

367
Q

• less time consuming

A

PRESSURE COOKING Ag Retrieval

368
Q

• less time consuming

A

PRESSURE COOKING Ag Retrieval

369
Q

• more consistent

A

PRESSURE COOKING Ag Retrieval

370
Q

• does not produce “hot spots” and “cold spots”

A

PRESSURE COOKING Ag Retrieval

371
Q

KERATIN: epithelial cells

-epithelial carcinoma
-non epithelial carcinoma:

A

mesotheliomas and non seminomatous germ cell tumors

372
Q

lung, breast , uterus and ovaries ; serous tumors

A

a. Cytokeratin 7 (CK7)

373
Q

-negative for CK20

A

a. Cytokeratin 7 (CK7)

374
Q

colon, stomach

A

b. Cytokeratin 20 (CK20)

375
Q

-negative for CK7

A

b. Cytokeratin 20 (CK20)

376
Q

-transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)

A

c. CK7 and CK20 positive

377
Q

-mucinous ovarian tumor (ovary)

A

c. CK7 and CK20 positive

378
Q

Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma (Skin, lung, esophagus)

A

d. CK7 and CK20 negative

379
Q
  1. EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE ANTIGEN (EMA) -determines site of tumor
    (+) in:
    (-) in:
A

adenocarcinoma of breast, lung and kidneys

hepatocellular carcinoma adrenal carcinoma embryonal carcinoma non epithelial tumors

380
Q
  1. CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)
    (+) in :
    (-) in:
A

a. GIT b. Pancreas c. Lung d. Breast e. Ovary, Uterus and Cervix

a. Prostate b. Thyroid c. renal cell

381
Q

-can differentiate CEA (+) (?) from CEA (-) (?)

A

adenocarcinoma

mesothelioma

382
Q

-distinguishes lung adenocarcinoma from mesotheliomas

A
  1. THYROID TRANSCRIPTOR FACTOR-1 (TTF-1)
383
Q
  1. THYROID TRANSCRIPTOR FACTOR-1 (TTF-1)
    (+) in:
A

a. thyroid tumors b. lung tumors c. neuroendocrine tumors

384
Q
  • useful in diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcicoma
A
  1. PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
385
Q
  1. PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
    (+) in:
A

a. Pancreatic tumor b. Salivary gland tumor

386
Q

present in muscle and non muscle tissue

A

Actin

387
Q

smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle tumors

A

Actin

388
Q

present in mesenchymal cells and neoplastic counterparts

A

Vimentin

389
Q

stand alone stain

A

Vimentin

390
Q

melanomas and schwannomas

A

Vimentin

391
Q

present in smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

Desmin

392
Q

myogenic tumors

A

Desmin

393
Q

present in CNS glial cells (astrocytes)

A

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)

394
Q

astrocytoma
ependyomas, oligodendrogliomas
medulloblastomas

A

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)

395
Q

neurons, peripheral nerves, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla and neuroendocrin cells

A

Neurofilament (NF)

396
Q

calcium binding protein, CNS glial cells, schwann cells, melanocyte, histiocytes, chondrocytes, myoepithelial cells

A

S100

397
Q

neural or endocrine differentiation

A
  1. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
398
Q

neuroendocrine differentiation/carcinoma

A
  1. Chromogranin
399
Q

-2. Chromogranin stain:

A

Grimelius stain

400
Q

Paraganglioma:

A

chromogranin + keratin markers

401
Q

neurons and neuroendocrine cells

A
  1. Synaptophysin
402
Q
  • a tissue section that is known and proven to contain the antigen
A

Positive

403
Q

-replacing the specific primary ab by an Ig that is directed against unrelated ag

A

Negative

404
Q

-eliminates the variable of tissue fixation between the specimen and control; it contains the target. antigen

A

Internal Tissue Control

405
Q

HORSERADISH LABELLING
•[?]
•[?]
• End product: [?]
• Counterstain: [?]
• Ab + peroxidase–>[?]

A

Horseradish peroxidase

Chromogen mixture

Insoluble dark brown ppt

Hematoxylin and other nuclear stains

30 to 60 mins @ RT

406
Q

Direct Technique -conjugate the primary antibody directly to the label (_____________, ______________)

A

Flourochrome/horse radish peroxidase

407
Q

-simple and quick, less sensitive

A

Direct Technique

408
Q

-EPOS method (Enhanced Polymer One Step Staining)

A

Direct Technique

409
Q

-primary ab+ peroxidase enzymes–> dextran polymer

A

Direct Technique

410
Q

-reduced incubation steps in staining

A

Direct Technique

411
Q

-more sensitive than traditional direct staining

A

Direct Technique

412
Q

-suitable for frozen immunohistochemistry

A

Direct Technique

413
Q

-application of unconjugated primary antibody and labelled antibody

A

Indirect

414
Q

-horseradish peroxidase is commonly used ]

A

Indirect

415
Q

-horseradish peroxidase is commonly used ]

A

Indirect

416
Q

-inexpensive and more sensitive than traditional direct technique

A

Indirect

417
Q

-inexpensive and more sensitive than traditional direct technique

A

Indirect

418
Q

Indirect a. Two step:

A

unconjugated primary ab + Ag Enzyme labeled Ab –> primary ab (Ag) Chromogen solution

419
Q

Indirect a. Two step:

A

unconjugated primary ab + Ag Enzyme labeled Ab –> primary ab (Ag) Chromogen solution

420
Q

Indirect b. Three step:

A

addition of 3rd layer of ab

421
Q

Indirect b. Three step:

A

addition of 3rd layer of ab

422
Q

(Soluble enzyme Immune complex technique)

A

Unlabeled ab technique

423
Q

(Soluble enzyme Immune complex technique)

A

Unlabeled ab technique

424
Q

-utilizes soluble enzyme-anti-enzyme immune complex

A

Unlabeled ab technique

425
Q

-unconjugated primary ab+ secondary labelled ab+ soluble-anti-enzyme complex + substrate

A

Unlabeled ab technique

426
Q

-soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex is bound to unconjugated primary ab by second layer through “bridging”

A

PAP Technique

427
Q

for solid tissue biopsy

A

DIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENSE TECHNIQUE

428
Q

DIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENSE TECHNIQUE
-thickness: __________
-type of tissue: __________
-previouslt mounted w/ ____________

A

2-5 um
Fresh/unfixed tissue
Gelatin and poly-L-lysine

429
Q

tissue reacts directly with fluorescein-conjugated ab

A

DIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENSE TECHNIQUE

430
Q

• mainly used fot the detection of autoab in px serum
-ANA -AMA -LKMA

A

INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENSE TECHNIQUE

431
Q

• mainly used fot the detection of autoab in px serum
-ANA -AMA -LKMA

A

INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENSE TECHNIQUE

432
Q

vital staining of the nervous tissue

A

METHYLENE BLUE

433
Q

vital staining of the nervous tissue

A

METHYLENE BLUE

434
Q

vital staining of the nervous tissue

A

METHYLENE BLUE

435
Q

Acid fast organisms

A

BASIC FUSCHIN

436
Q

differentiation of smooth muscles with the use of Ploric acid.

A

BASIC FUSCHIN

437
Q

differentiation of smooth muscles with the use of Ploric acid.

A

BASIC FUSCHIN

438
Q

Ascaris eggs

A

MALACHITE GREEN

439
Q

bacteria spore stain

A

MALACHITE GREEN

440
Q

platelets

A

Crystal violet

441
Q

little shrinkage & does not harden tissues excessively

A
  1. Choloroform
442
Q

Not flammable

A
  1. Choloroform
443
Q

(Ex. Carbol fuschin and crystal violet)

A

Counterstaining

444
Q

Ideal for resin-embedded decalcified bones

A

Base-Sledge

445
Q

alters shade of the dye resulting in formation of salts with another compound, yet retaining the color.

A

Auxochrome

446
Q

: prevents drying

A

Glycerol

447
Q

: inc RI and acts as a preservative

A

Sucrose

448
Q

found during & 1-4 days after menstruation

A

Endometrial cells

449
Q

thin cryostat sections

A

DIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENSE TECHNIQUE

450
Q

thin cryostat sections

A

DIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENSE TECHNIQUE

HISTOPATHOLOGY NOTES (CLN) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions