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Quick Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Supppositories

A
  1. Oleaginous (Oil-Soluble/fatty)
  2. Water Soluble
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2
Q

Cocoa butter, Fattibase, Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Suppository Type.

A

Oleaginous

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3
Q

PEG, Glycerinated Gelatin Suppository Type

A

Water soluble.

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4
Q

Oil soluble suppositories have _____ onsets. While water-soluble have ______ onsents.

A
  1. Slow
  2. Rapid
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5
Q

Oily bases ______, while water miscible bases ______.

A
  1. Melt
  2. Dissolve
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6
Q

In this method, only a few suppositories are needed.

Cocoa Butter is grated, mixed with drug, rolled into a cylinder, and cut into pieces.

A

Hand molding.

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7
Q

In this method of prepping suppositories, the base is grated, mixed with the drug, and put into a cold compression mold.

A

Compression molding.

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8
Q

Most common suppository prep method.

A

Fusion Molding

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9
Q

In this method of suppository prep, the base is melted and drug is dispersed or dissolved in melted base.
The base is poured into room temperature suppository mold, left to harden. It may then need to be refrigerated.

These may be dispensed in the mold or stored at room temperature.

A

Fusion Molding.

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10
Q

________ are used to determine how much base will be displaced by a drug.

A

Density Factors

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11
Q

If lubricants are added to a suppository mold to help facilitate the release of the drug, they must be made of ______________.

A

The opposite lipophilicity of the base.

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12
Q

Glycerin, Propylene Glycol

A

Water soluble lubricants

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13
Q

Mineral or Vegetable oil

A

Oil-Soluble lubricants

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14
Q

Should water be added to suppositories?

A

NO!!!!

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15
Q

These are semisolids interpenetrated by a liquid.

A

Gels

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16
Q

Gels are compounded using _________

A

Gelling agents

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17
Q

What is a gelling agent?

A

A powder that is dispersed or dissolved in a dispersing medium. These undergo a high degree of cross-linking increasing the viscosity of the preparation.

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18
Q

When adding a gelling agent to a medium, what must we be careful of?

A

To add it carefully to avoid clumping.

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19
Q

If clumping occurs after adding a gelling agent, what could be used to thin out the preparation?

A

Glycerin (wetting agent)

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20
Q

Methylcellulose, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Hydroxypropylcellulose, Carbomers, Poloxamers, Polyvinyl alcohol, tragacanth, xantham gum.

A

Gelling agents

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21
Q

These are copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polypropylene.

A

Poloxamer gels (PLO)

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22
Q

PLO gels are thermoreversible gels, what does this mean?

A

They are liquid at cold temps and gel at room temp.

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23
Q

Which gel can be used fro both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs?

A

PLO (Poloxamer lecithin organogel.)

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24
Q

_____________ sticks soften at body temperature, allowing the formulation to be evenly spread over the affected area.

May be clear or opaque, depending on the base.

Consistency dependent on blend of high and low melting point ingredients.

A

Soft Sticks

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25
________ sticks are made of crystalline powders fused together by heat or held together with a binder. Stick must be moistened to be "activated".
Hard Sticks
26
When melting ingredients for a stick, which ingredient should be melted first?
The ingredient with the highest melting point---> this avoids exposing substances to higher temperatures than needed.
27
______ are solid preparations intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth. They typically have one or more API in a sweet, flavored base.
Lozenges/Troches
28
Lozenge molds must be calibrated using _______________
Density factors
29
_________ mortars are best for liquids and compounds that are oily.
Glass
30
______ mortars are best for grinding dry crystalline and hard powders. (rough surface)
Wedgewood
31
_____ mortars are used for blending powders and pulverizing gummy consistencies.
Porcelain.
32
____________ are functional ingredients which facilitate the function of an API.
Excipients
33
_____________ make a preparation more dilute.
Diluents
34
______ add bulk to a very small preparation.
Bulking Agents
35
_________ improve the taste of compounded oral preparations.
Flavoring Agents/Sweeteners
36
Aspartame, Saccharin, sucralose, xylitol, manitol, stevia
Sweeteners
37
_____ improve the appearance of a compounded preparation.
Coloring agents (yellow 6, Red 3)
38
_______ add cohesion to powders to allow tablets to stick together, which provides stability and strength.
Binders
39
Acacia, starch paste
Binders
40
_____ prevent ingredients from sticking to each other and to equipment (molds)
Lubricants
41
PEG, Glycerin, Mineral Oil, Talc
Lubricants
42
______ these facilitate the breakdown of a solid preparation after oral administration.
Disintegrants.
43
Cellulose, starch, aliginic acid
Disintegrants.
44
______ are used to slow or prevent microorganism growth. DO NOT USE THESE IN NEONATES!!!!
Preservatives.
45
Sodium Benzoate, Benzoic Acid, Benzyl Alcohol, Parabens, EDTA, Thimerosal
Preservatives
46
______ are used to redeuce the production of foam or gas.
Anti-foaming agents.
47
Simethicone
Anti-Foaming Agent
48
______ increase the viscosity of a substance and provide stability to a mixture.
Thickening agents
49
Xantham gum, guar gum, acacia, agar, gelatin, poloxamer gels, PEG, tragacanth
Thickening agents
50
____ are used when reducing particle size in preparation to reduce surface tension.
Levigating agents (surfactants)
51
Glycerin, mineral oil, glycols, PEG, propylene glycol.
Levigating agents (wetting)
52
______ is toxic to cats
Acetaminophen
53
NSAIDs are not indicated in what animal?
Dogs
54
What flavoring agents are toxic to dogs?
Chocolate and grape flavoring
55
_____ is toxic to dogs and birds due to profound hypoglycemia and hepatocellular necrosis.
Xylitol.
56
In which animals is drug use most restricted?
Food-producing animals (highly regulated)
57
This law codified extra-label use of drugs by DVM with the context of a valid veterinarian-client relationship while avoiding drug residues in the food chain. Prohibited extra-label drug use (ELDU) that would result in drug residues in the human food chain.
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (1996)
58
Which group of animals should we avoid compounding for?
Food-producing animals.
59
When measuring volume, what is the best practice?
To use a device with a measuring capacity equal to or slightly larger than the amount being measured.
60
______ are the ideal container to measure volumes.
Graduated cylinders.
61
______ mg are contained in an average drop of water from a medicine dropper.
45-55 mg.
62
______________ water must be used for compounding.
Purified.
63
__________ water has been treated to remove chemicals and contaminants.
Purified
64
_____ water is used for reconstitution of oral suspension and nonsterile compounding.
Distilled water
65
_____ water is used for handwashing and initial cleansing of compounding equipment.
Tap/drinking water.
66
____ water must be used for sterile preparations.
Sterile Water.
67
___________ are liquid preparations which contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. (homogenous)
Solutions.
68
____ are the base liquid. It can be pure or a mixture of miscible liquids.
Solvent
69
_____ is a substance which is dissolved in a solvent.
Solute.
70
Advantages (Completely homogenous, dispersed drug immediately available for absorption) Disadvantages (less stable, not all drugs are soluble)
Solutions.
71
_______ solutions contain the max amount of solute that the solvent can accomodate.
Saturated
72
______ solutions contain a larger amount of solute than a solvent can usually accommodate, typically prepared a higher temperature.
Supersaturated solutions.
73
Syrups, Aromatic waters, mucilages, aqueous acids.
Aqueous solutions.
74
Define: Sucrose + purified water.
Simple Syrup
75
_______ syrups are used to increase palatability.
Flavored.
76
_____ syrups are those with API.
Medicinal syrups.
77
______ solutions contain solvents other than water.
Non-aqueous.
78
What solvents are used in non-aqueous solutions?
1. Alcohol 2. Glycerin 3. PEG
79
_____ are clear, sweetened, hydroalchoholic solutions intended for oral use.
Elixirs
80
_____ are used for drugs that would be insoluble in a purely aqueous formulation.
Elixir
81
Elixir Alchohol content
5-40%
82
_____ are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile, aromatic compounds.
Spirits
83
Spirit alcohol content
62-85%
84
______ are most commonly used as flavoring agents. (w/alcohol added)
Spirits
85
_____ are plant or animal extracts dissolved in alcohol or hydroalcohol.
Tinctures
86
FDA max limit of ethanol in oral OTC products intended for children younger than 6 years of age.
0.5%
87
American Academy of Pediatrics max BAC after 1 dose of a preparation.
No more than >25 mg/dL
88
European medicines max BAC after 1 dose of a preparation in children less than 6 years of age.
<1 mg/dL
89
What three factors increase the dissolution rate of a solvent?
1. Heat 2. Surface Area 3. Stirring.
90
_____ is the quantity of drug that can be maintained in solution at a given temperature and pressure.
Solubility.
91
_____ are a two-phase, heterogenous system consisting of at least immiscible liquids.
Emulsions
92
What are the two types of emulsions?
1. Oil-in-water 2. Water in oil
93
______ are used to reduce the surface tension between two immiscible liquids.
surfactants. (these contain both hydrophillic and lipophillic components in their structure.(
94
How do we determine the type of emulsifying agent to use? (surfactant)
The HLB number (hydrophillic-lipophillic balance number)
95
HLB <10
Lipophillic
96
HLB >10
Hydrophillic.
97
Span
Sorbitol Lipophilic Esters
98
Tween
Sorbitol Hydrophilic Esters
99
______ used when dispersed oil droplets merge and rise to the top of an oil in water emulsion or settle to the bottom in water and oil emulsions.
Creaming.
100
______ means complete and irreversible separation and fusion of the dispersed phase. (CAN NOT BE REDISPERSED!!!)
Coalescence.
101
_______ is the addition of energy through trituration or homogenization creating small droplets of one liquid phase within another and a static charge around those droplets.
Emulsification.
102
____ prevent microbiological growth, extend beyond use dates.
Preservatives
103
______ are used to prevent oil and fats in emulsions from undergoing rancidification.
Antioxidants
104
Flavoring is added to the _____ phase of an emulsion.
External
105
____ are a semisolid dosage form that is 0-20% water
Ointments
106
_______ are a semisolid dosage form that is 20-50% water,
Creams
107
_____ have more water than creams
Lotions
108
_____ are powders in an ointment base.
Pastes
109
Ointment Uses
1. Protect Skin/Mucus Membrane 2. Provide Skin Hydration 3. Vehicle for Medication
110
What factors increase absorption of an ointment?
1. Increased Pressure 2. Increased Surface Area Covered 3. Use of an occlusive dressing 4. Lower thickness of skin
111
5 Types of Ointment Bases
1. Hydrocarbon/Oleaginous 2. Anhydrous 3. Water in Oil Emulsion 4. Oil in water emulsion 5. Water Soluble
112
_____ are preparations that make it easier to incorporate solids into semisolid ointment bases.
Levigating Agents.
113
How are levigating agents selected for ointments?
Similar chemical characteristics.

CompoundI (7 decks)

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