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CompoundI > Quick Final Review > Flashcards

Quick Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Supppositories

A
  1. Oleaginous (Oil-Soluble/fatty)
  2. Water Soluble
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2
Q

Cocoa butter, Fattibase, Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Suppository Type.

A

Oleaginous

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3
Q

PEG, Glycerinated Gelatin Suppository Type

A

Water soluble.

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4
Q

Oil soluble suppositories have _____ onsets. While water-soluble have ______ onsents.

A
  1. Slow
  2. Rapid
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5
Q

Oily bases ______, while water miscible bases ______.

A
  1. Melt
  2. Dissolve
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6
Q

In this method, only a few suppositories are needed.

Cocoa Butter is grated, mixed with drug, rolled into a cylinder, and cut into pieces.

A

Hand molding.

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7
Q

In this method of prepping suppositories, the base is grated, mixed with the drug, and put into a cold compression mold.

A

Compression molding.

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8
Q

Most common suppository prep method.

A

Fusion Molding

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9
Q

In this method of suppository prep, the base is melted and drug is dispersed or dissolved in melted base.
The base is poured into room temperature suppository mold, left to harden. It may then need to be refrigerated.

These may be dispensed in the mold or stored at room temperature.

A

Fusion Molding.

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10
Q

________ are used to determine how much base will be displaced by a drug.

A

Density Factors

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11
Q

If lubricants are added to a suppository mold to help facilitate the release of the drug, they must be made of ______________.

A

The opposite lipophilicity of the base.

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12
Q

Glycerin, Propylene Glycol

A

Water soluble lubricants

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13
Q

Mineral or Vegetable oil

A

Oil-Soluble lubricants

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14
Q

Should water be added to suppositories?

A

NO!!!!

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15
Q

These are semisolids interpenetrated by a liquid.

A

Gels

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16
Q

Gels are compounded using _________

A

Gelling agents

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17
Q

What is a gelling agent?

A

A powder that is dispersed or dissolved in a dispersing medium. These undergo a high degree of cross-linking increasing the viscosity of the preparation.

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18
Q

When adding a gelling agent to a medium, what must we be careful of?

A

To add it carefully to avoid clumping.

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19
Q

If clumping occurs after adding a gelling agent, what could be used to thin out the preparation?

A

Glycerin (wetting agent)

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20
Q

Methylcellulose, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Hydroxypropylcellulose, Carbomers, Poloxamers, Polyvinyl alcohol, tragacanth, xantham gum.

A

Gelling agents

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21
Q

These are copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polypropylene.

A

Poloxamer gels (PLO)

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22
Q

PLO gels are thermoreversible gels, what does this mean?

A

They are liquid at cold temps and gel at room temp.

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23
Q

Which gel can be used fro both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs?

A

PLO (Poloxamer lecithin organogel.)

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24
Q

_____________ sticks soften at body temperature, allowing the formulation to be evenly spread over the affected area.

May be clear or opaque, depending on the base.

Consistency dependent on blend of high and low melting point ingredients.

A

Soft Sticks

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25
Q

________ sticks are made of crystalline powders fused together by heat or held together with a binder. Stick must be moistened to be “activated”.

A

Hard Sticks

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26
Q

When melting ingredients for a stick, which ingredient should be melted first?

A

The ingredient with the highest melting point—> this avoids exposing substances to higher temperatures than needed.

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27
Q

______ are solid preparations intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth. They typically have one or more API in a sweet, flavored base.

A

Lozenges/Troches

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28
Q

Lozenge molds must be calibrated using _______________

A

Density factors

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29
Q

_________ mortars are best for liquids and compounds that are oily.

A

Glass

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30
Q

______ mortars are best for grinding dry crystalline and hard powders. (rough surface)

A

Wedgewood

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31
Q

_____ mortars are used for blending powders and pulverizing gummy consistencies.

A

Porcelain.

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32
Q

____________ are functional ingredients which facilitate the function of an API.

A

Excipients

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33
Q

_____________ make a preparation more dilute.

A

Diluents

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34
Q

______ add bulk to a very small preparation.

A

Bulking Agents

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35
Q

_________ improve the taste of compounded oral preparations.

A

Flavoring Agents/Sweeteners

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36
Q

Aspartame, Saccharin, sucralose, xylitol, manitol, stevia

A

Sweeteners

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37
Q

_____ improve the appearance of a compounded preparation.

A

Coloring agents (yellow 6, Red 3)

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38
Q

_______ add cohesion to powders to allow tablets to stick together, which provides stability and strength.

A

Binders

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39
Q

Acacia, starch paste

A

Binders

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40
Q

_____ prevent ingredients from sticking to each other and to equipment (molds)

A

Lubricants

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41
Q

PEG, Glycerin, Mineral Oil, Talc

A

Lubricants

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42
Q

______ these facilitate the breakdown of a solid preparation after oral administration.

A

Disintegrants.

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43
Q

Cellulose, starch, aliginic acid

A

Disintegrants.

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44
Q

______ are used to slow or prevent microorganism growth. DO NOT USE THESE IN NEONATES!!!!

A

Preservatives.

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45
Q

Sodium Benzoate, Benzoic Acid, Benzyl Alcohol, Parabens, EDTA, Thimerosal

A

Preservatives

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46
Q

______ are used to redeuce the production of foam or gas.

A

Anti-foaming agents.

47
Q

Simethicone

A

Anti-Foaming Agent

48
Q

______ increase the viscosity of a substance and provide stability to a mixture.

A

Thickening agents

49
Q

Xantham gum, guar gum, acacia, agar, gelatin, poloxamer gels, PEG, tragacanth

A

Thickening agents

50
Q

____ are used when reducing particle size in preparation to reduce surface tension.

A

Levigating agents (surfactants)

51
Q

Glycerin, mineral oil, glycols, PEG, propylene glycol.

A

Levigating agents (wetting)

52
Q

______ is toxic to cats

A

Acetaminophen

53
Q

NSAIDs are not indicated in what animal?

A

Dogs

54
Q

What flavoring agents are toxic to dogs?

A

Chocolate and grape flavoring

55
Q

_____ is toxic to dogs and birds due to profound hypoglycemia and hepatocellular necrosis.

A

Xylitol.

56
Q

In which animals is drug use most restricted?

A

Food-producing animals (highly regulated)

57
Q

This law codified extra-label use of drugs by DVM with the context of a valid veterinarian-client relationship while avoiding drug residues in the food chain.

Prohibited extra-label drug use (ELDU) that would result in drug residues in the human food chain.

A

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (1996)

58
Q

Which group of animals should we avoid compounding for?

A

Food-producing animals.

59
Q

When measuring volume, what is the best practice?

A

To use a device with a measuring capacity equal to or slightly larger than the amount being measured.

60
Q

______ are the ideal container to measure volumes.

A

Graduated cylinders.

61
Q

______ mg are contained in an average drop of water from a medicine dropper.

A

45-55 mg.

62
Q

______________ water must be used for compounding.

A

Purified.

63
Q

__________ water has been treated to remove chemicals and contaminants.

A

Purified

64
Q

_____ water is used for reconstitution of oral suspension and nonsterile compounding.

A

Distilled water

65
Q

_____ water is used for handwashing and initial cleansing of compounding equipment.

A

Tap/drinking water.

66
Q

____ water must be used for sterile preparations.

A

Sterile Water.

67
Q

___________ are liquid preparations which contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. (homogenous)

A

Solutions.

68
Q

____ are the base liquid. It can be pure or a mixture of miscible liquids.

A

Solvent

69
Q

_____ is a substance which is dissolved in a solvent.

A

Solute.

70
Q

Advantages (Completely homogenous, dispersed drug immediately available for absorption)

Disadvantages (less stable, not all drugs are soluble)

A

Solutions.

71
Q

_______ solutions contain the max amount of solute that the solvent can accomodate.

A

Saturated

72
Q

______ solutions contain a larger amount of solute than a solvent can usually accommodate, typically prepared a higher temperature.

A

Supersaturated solutions.

73
Q

Syrups, Aromatic waters, mucilages, aqueous acids.

A

Aqueous solutions.

74
Q

Define: Sucrose + purified water.

A

Simple Syrup

75
Q

_______ syrups are used to increase palatability.

A

Flavored.

76
Q

_____ syrups are those with API.

A

Medicinal syrups.

77
Q

______ solutions contain solvents other than water.

A

Non-aqueous.

78
Q

What solvents are used in non-aqueous solutions?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Glycerin
  3. PEG
79
Q

_____ are clear, sweetened, hydroalchoholic solutions intended for oral use.

A

Elixirs

80
Q

_____ are used for drugs that would be insoluble in a purely aqueous formulation.

A

Elixir

81
Q

Elixir Alchohol content

A

5-40%

82
Q

_____ are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile, aromatic compounds.

A

Spirits

83
Q

Spirit alcohol content

A

62-85%

84
Q

______ are most commonly used as flavoring agents. (w/alcohol added)

A

Spirits

85
Q

_____ are plant or animal extracts dissolved in alcohol or hydroalcohol.

A

Tinctures

86
Q

FDA max limit of ethanol in oral OTC products intended for children younger than 6 years of age.

A

0.5%

87
Q

American Academy of Pediatrics max BAC after 1 dose of a preparation.

A

No more than >25 mg/dL

88
Q

European medicines max BAC after 1 dose of a preparation in children less than 6 years of age.

A

<1 mg/dL

89
Q

What three factors increase the dissolution rate of a solvent?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Surface Area
  3. Stirring.
90
Q

_____ is the quantity of drug that can be maintained in solution at a given temperature and pressure.

A

Solubility.

91
Q

_____ are a two-phase, heterogenous system consisting of at least immiscible liquids.

A

Emulsions

92
Q

What are the two types of emulsions?

A
  1. Oil-in-water
  2. Water in oil
93
Q

______ are used to reduce the surface tension between two immiscible liquids.

A

surfactants. (these contain both hydrophillic and lipophillic components in their structure.(

94
Q

How do we determine the type of emulsifying agent to use? (surfactant)

A

The HLB number (hydrophillic-lipophillic balance number)

95
Q

HLB <10

A

Lipophillic

96
Q

HLB >10

A

Hydrophillic.

97
Q

Span

A

Sorbitol Lipophilic Esters

98
Q

Tween

A

Sorbitol Hydrophilic Esters

99
Q

______ used when dispersed oil droplets merge and rise to the top of an oil in water emulsion or settle to the bottom in water and oil emulsions.

A

Creaming.

100
Q

______ means complete and irreversible separation and fusion of the dispersed phase. (CAN NOT BE REDISPERSED!!!)

A

Coalescence.

101
Q

_______ is the addition of energy through trituration or homogenization creating small droplets of one liquid phase within another and a static charge around those droplets.

A

Emulsification.

102
Q

____ prevent microbiological growth, extend beyond use dates.

A

Preservatives

103
Q

______ are used to prevent oil and fats in emulsions from undergoing rancidification.

A

Antioxidants

104
Q

Flavoring is added to the _____ phase of an emulsion.

A

External

105
Q

____ are a semisolid dosage form that is 0-20% water

A

Ointments

106
Q

_______ are a semisolid dosage form that is 20-50% water,

A

Creams

107
Q

_____ have more water than creams

A

Lotions

108
Q

_____ are powders in an ointment base.

A

Pastes

109
Q

Ointment Uses

A
  1. Protect Skin/Mucus Membrane
  2. Provide Skin Hydration
  3. Vehicle for Medication
110
Q

What factors increase absorption of an ointment?

A
  1. Increased Pressure
  2. Increased Surface Area Covered
  3. Use of an occlusive dressing
  4. Lower thickness of skin
111
Q

5 Types of Ointment Bases

A
  1. Hydrocarbon/Oleaginous
  2. Anhydrous
  3. Water in Oil Emulsion
  4. Oil in water emulsion
  5. Water Soluble
112
Q

_____ are preparations that make it easier to incorporate solids into semisolid ointment bases.

A

Levigating Agents.

113
Q

How are levigating agents selected for ointments?

A

Similar chemical characteristics.

CompoundI (7 decks)

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