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Abdomen Boards > Questions to Study > Flashcards

Questions to Study Flashcards

1
Q

Landmarks at RT/LT Liver Division

A

IVC, Mid HV, GB, and MPV bifurcation

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2
Q

Liver segments/HVs from RT to LT

A

RT post - RHV- RT ant - MHV - LT med - LHV - LT lat

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3
Q

Caudate lobe blood vascularity

A

Receives blood from both RT/LT PVs

Drained by small emissary veins into IVC

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4
Q

Caudate lobe landmarks

A

LT medial lobe; IVC; Lig. Venosum

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5
Q

If Caudate enlarges…

A

IVC may compress

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6
Q

Vessels of portal triad

A

MPV; Proper HA; CHD

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7
Q

Main Lobar Fissure

A

Divides RT/LT liver (on image- line between GB and LT/RT PV junction)

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8
Q

LT Intersegmental Fissure

A

Divides LT med and LT lat
Contains Lig. Teres
Falc. Lig. connects to anterior ab wall
Falc; Lig Ter.; LT HV; Ascend. PV

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9
Q

Ligamentum Venosum

A

Divides LT and Caudate lobes
Remnant of ductus venosus
From LT PV to IVC

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10
Q

Ligamentum Teres

A

Divides LT lobe into med/lat
Remnant of umbilical vein
From umbilicus to LT PV
May recanalize w/portal HTN

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11
Q

Fetal circulation liver

A

Umbilical vein - LT PV - Duct. Ven. - IVC

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12
Q

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) has a

A

Central scar

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13
Q

Schistomiasis

A

Parasitic worm
Occlusion of PVs due to larvae
PV HTN

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14
Q

Hydatid (Ecchinochocal) Cyst

A 
In liver
Cysts within cyst or Water Lily
May cause shock w/rupture
Lab- indirect hemagglutination
Casoni Skin Test
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15
Q

Improve prothrombin time with

A

Vitamin K

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16
Q

Albumin

A

Synthesized by liver
Transports unconjug. bilirubin
Decrease leads to ascites

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17
Q

Hepatic Adenoma

A

Assoc. w/oral contraception and glycogen storage disease

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18
Q

Liver lipoma

A

Hyperechoic

Cause Prop speed artifact

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19
Q

TIPS

A

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

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20
Q

Fungal Abscess

A

Wheel within wheel… Hypo-hyper-hypo

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21
Q

Intrahepatic portal gas in neonates due to

A

Necrotizing entercolitis

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22
Q

Hypo mass adjacent to GB

A

Focal fatty sparing

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23
Q

Increased AFP

A

HCC; Hepatoblastoma; yolk sac tumor

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24
Q

Worm-like venous collateral parallel to thrombosed PV

A

Cavernous transformation

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25
Q

PV flow directions

A

Hepatopetal normal
w/patent TIPS-
MPV hepatopetal; RT/LT PV hepatofugal

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26
Q

ALT increases with

A

Any liver cell pathology (highly concentrated in liver so high levels mean breakdown of hepatocytes.)

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27
Q

Bull’s eye/target liver mets assoc with

A

Lung CA

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28
Q

Most common cause of portal HTN

A

US- cirrhosis

World- Schistosomiasis

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29
Q

Most common primary malignant liver tumor

A

Peds- hepatoblastoma

Adults- HCC

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30
Q

Hepatitis US appearance

A

Acute- HYPO; enlarged; prominent vessel walls

Chronic- Hyper; small; disappearance of vessel walls

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31
Q

Peds PT w/painful abdominal mass that looks like concentric rings

A

Intussusception

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32
Q

Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase elevated with

A

HCC; Biliary obstruction

It’s normal w/pregnancy and bone disease.

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33
Q

Fibrous covering of liver and PVs

A

Glisson’s capsule

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34
Q

Portal blood O2

A

80% oxygenated

Supplies 60% of liver’s O2

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35
Q

Increases w/biliary obstruction

A

GGT; ALP; conjugated bilirubin

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36
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Adrenal medulla
Secrete catecholamines (norepi and epi)
Can cause uncontrolled HTN

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37
Q

Normal HV waveforms

A

Venous flow with triphasicity due to RT atrial contractions

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38
Q

Budd-Chiari

A

HV thrombosis

Portal HTN; Ascites; inc. abdominal girth; enlarged caudate

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39
Q

Pyogenic Abscess

A

Most common
Fever, leukocytosis
Air within mass

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40
Q

ALP found in

A

Liver, bone, placenta

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41
Q

Quadrate lobe location

A

OLD term!

Inferior aspect of LT medial liver

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42
Q

US liver assoc w/immunodeficiency

A

Diffuse, nonshadowing, hyperechoic foci

Pneumocystic (carinii) jiroveci

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43
Q

Acute RUQ pain and decreased hematocrit

A

Hemorrhagic liver cyst

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44
Q

Most common causes of extrahepatic cholestasis (obstructive jaundice)

A

Common duct stone

Panc CA

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45
Q

Increased unconjugated bilirubin from

A
  1. Hemolysis

2. Decreased ability of liver to conjugate

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46
Q

Shotgun sign structures

A

RT PV; RT HA; RT HD

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47
Q

Mickey Mouse Sign

A

MPV; CHD; PHA

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48
Q

Courvoisiers GB

A

Painless jaundice

Panc CA

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49
Q

Most common causes of acute pancreatitis

A

Biliary stones and Alcohol abuse

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50
Q

Cystic fibrosis effect on Panc

A

Increased echogenicity

Atrophy

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51
Q

Hartmann’s pouch

A

At neck of GB near cystic duct

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52
Q

Folds of GB

A

Phrygian cap-Fundus

Junctional fold-Neck

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53
Q

Gallbladder CA

A

Mass-filled GB w/associated liver mets

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54
Q

How GB contracts

A

Release of CCK due to fatty food ingestion stimulates GB

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55
Q

Panc ducts

A

Main- Wirsung

Accessory- Santorini

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56
Q

Walled off panc secretions

A

Panc pseudocysts (prevent further autodigestion of peripanc tissue

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57
Q

Define cholangiocarcinoma

A 
Elev ALP
Klatskin's tumor at hepatic hilum
Assoc w/parasitic infection
Biliary obstruction
Commonly extrahepatic
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58
Q

Hydropic GB

A

GB obstruction without inflamed or edematous wall

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59
Q

Sclerosing cholangitis

A

Thick-walled intrahepatic ducts
Incr. ALP and bilirubin
50% also have ulcerative colitis

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60
Q

Bile ducts after fatty meal

A

Unchanged or decrease when normal

Dilate w/distal obstruction

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61
Q

Adenomyomatosis

A

Rokitansky Aschoff sinus (small diverticuli in wall of GB)

Stones in the wall cause comet tail or reverb artifact

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62
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Pseudocysts, elev. amylase, and inflammatory masses.

Panc duct calcs w/CHRONIC

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63
Q

Radiographic affect on duct measures

A

X-ray results in a degree of magnification making ducts larger

64
Q

Choledochal cysts

A

Most common is in CBD
Intrahepatic duct dilation
Prevalant in Asia (33-50% cases from Japan)

65
Q

Polysplenia associated with

A

Multiple LUQ spleens
Biliary atresia
Intestinal malrotation
Cardiac defects

66
Q

Ascariasis of biliary tract

A

Obstruction due to round worm parasitic infection

67
Q

Panc location

A

In anterior pararenal space of retroperitoneum

68
Q

Associated w/Von Hippel-Lindau

A

RCC; pheochromocytoma; islet cell tumors; pancreatic and renal cysts

69
Q

Mirizzi syndrome

A

CHD obstruction due to extrinsic compression of a cystic duct stone.

70
Q

Most common islet cell tumor

A

Insulinoma

71
Q

Hyperechoic, shadowing fluid-fluid layer in GB

A

Milk of calcium bile

72
Q

Second most common islet-cell tumor

A

Gastrinoma

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

73
Q

Caroli’s disease

A

Saccular, communicating intrahepatic bile duct ectasia.
Cystic dilatations of intrahepatic biliary tree.
Results in cirrhosis and liver failure

74
Q

May be elevated from saliva gland tumor

A

Amylase

75
Q

Conjugated bilirubin excretion

A

Released into intestines; absorbed into bloodstream; filtered by kidneys; excreted through urine

76
Q

Order of structures at renal hilum A-P

A

RV ; RA; ureter (VAU)

77
Q

Most common malignant bladder tumor

A

TCC

78
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis leads to

A

end-stage renal disease; USA small hyperechoic kidney

79
Q

Resistive index with acute hydronephrosis

A

Greater than 0.7

80
Q

Most common site of obstructing calculi in urinary system

A

Ureterovesicle junction

81
Q

Encloses the perirenal space which contains the kidneys and adrenal glands

A

Gerota’s fascia

82
Q

Medullary sponge kidney USA

A

Calcified equally spaced medullary pyramids due to ectatic collecting tubules

83
Q

Typical place of transplanted kidneys

A

Retroperitoneum

84
Q

ARPKD

A

Neonatal PT w/no urine output; large hyperechoic kidneys bilaterally

85
Q

Transplanted kidney waveform in acute rejection

A

Decreasing diastole resulting in increasing RI

86
Q

Complete duplication of renal collecting system

A 
Hydro of upper pole
2 renal sinuses separated by renal cortex
2 ureters/2 sinuses
Ureterocele
Hydroureter
87
Q

Multiple noncommunicating cysts w/absence of renal parenchyma in a newborn

A

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

88
Q

Papillary necrosis

A

Calcification or sloughing of the papilla of the medullary pyramids;
Assoc with analgesic drug abuse, diabetes, and sickle cell
May present as prominent round or triangular cystic pyramids

89
Q

Most common malignant renal tumor

A

RCC

90
Q

Ureter landmarks

A

From kidneys anterior to psoas muscle into pelvis; enter pelvis and travel anterior to iliac artery and vein; insert on trigone of bladder

91
Q

Findings with Acute tubular necrosis

A

Prominent medullary pyramids, high resistance intraparenchymal waveform, and increased renal size

92
Q

There is an increased incidence of … associated with ADPKD

A

Cerebral aneurysms

93
Q

What is associated with multicystic dysplastic kidney?

A

Contralateral UPJ obstruction

94
Q

Normal renal RI

A

Less than 0.7

95
Q

Associated with ARPKD

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia, dilated collecting system, oligohydramnios

96
Q

Acquired cystic kidney disease

A

Formation of renal cysts from chronic hemodialysis

97
Q

Most common childhood tumor

A

Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma)

98
Q

Tuberous sclerosis has an increased risk of

A

Angiomyolipomas, RCCs, and renal cysts

99
Q

Renal lymphoma presents as

A

Bilaterally large hypoechoic kidneys with loss of corticomedullary boundary

100
Q

Azotemia

A

Increased serum nitrogen

101
Q

RA waveform with RV thrombosis

A

RA is highly resistive with absent or reversed end diastolic flow

102
Q

Horseshoe Kidney

A

Location more inferior than normal
Lower poles typically fused
Isthmus anterior to aorta
Urinary obstruction

103
Q

Pyonephrosis

A

Accumulation of pus due to infection in an obstructed kidney

104
Q

Acute Pyelonephritis

A

Assoc with incr. renal size, loss of corticomedullary boundary, bacteruria, and leukocytosis

105
Q

Urachal cyst

A

Cystic structure superior to midline bladder, with or without internal echoes

106
Q

Most common cause of acute rejection of transplanted kidney

A

Acute tubular necrosis

107
Q

Most common cause of acute rejection of transplanted kidney

A

Acute tubular necrosis

108
Q

What drains into the LT renal vein?

A

LT ovarian/testicular vein and the LT suprarenal (adrenal) vein

109
Q

USA of acute rejection transplanted kidney

A

Increasing renal volume and length, loss of corticomedullary junction, and thickened cortex

110
Q

Associated with Hypercalcimia (causing neprocalcinosis)

A

Vitamin D intoxification, malignancy, and hyperparathyroidism

111
Q

Mycetoma (fungal balls)

A

Hyperechoic mass within renal collecting system. (Papillary necrosis, AML, and blood clots diff. diagnosis)

112
Q

Glomerular filtration rate decreases…

A

Creatinine increases

113
Q

Associated with a higher incidence of RCC

A

Von Hippel, tuberous sclerosis, and ACDK

114
Q

Labs for chronic renal failure

A

Increased serum creatinine and urea

115
Q

Associated with polysplenia

A

Multiple LUQ spleens, left-sided azygos, biliary atresia, and absent GB

116
Q

Most common solid breast mass

A

Fibroadenoma- benign, solid tumors in women under 35; influenced by estrogen. Hypo, oval discrete masses

117
Q

Most common thyroid malignancy

A

Papillary carcinoma

118
Q

Excessive cortisol excretion due to increase in ACTH from a pituitary tumor

A

Cushing’s Disease

119
Q

Common site for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

Transitional Zone

120
Q

Most common testicular CA

A

Seminoma

121
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes

A

Aldosterone and cortisol

122
Q

Most common breast CA

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

123
Q

Haustra are found in …

A

Colon

124
Q

Testicular arteries branch off the …

A

Aorta

125
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes…

A

Epi and NorEpi (catecholamines)

126
Q

Fibromuscular stroma

A

Anterior, non-glandular part of prostate; not affected by CA, prostatitis, or hyperplasia

127
Q

Associated with cryptorchidism (nondescended testicle)

A

Incr risk of CA; Incr incidence with premature birth; infertility; commonly found in inguinal canal

128
Q

Acute hematomas appear

A

Hyperechoic (due to fibrin)

129
Q

Peripheral, wedge-shaped hypo lesion of spleen

A

Infarct

130
Q

Associated with Asplenia

A

Rt-sided aorta, horseshoe kidney, midline liver location

131
Q

Fibrous capsule of testicle

A

Tunica Albuginea

132
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Vas deferens joins the seminal vesicles to form;

ED transverses the central zone of prostate

133
Q

Longus colli

A

Muscle located post. to thyroid and adjacent to vert body

134
Q

Thyroglossal duct cyst

A

Midline subcutaneous anechoic neck mass; (dilation of the primitive thyroglossal duct)

135
Q

Results from adrenal adenoma, producing hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s syndrome

136
Q

Arcuate line

A

Point at which posterior rectus sheath ends (between umbilicus and symphysis pubis)

137
Q

Thyroid mass associated with MEN syndrome

A

Medullary carcinoma

138
Q

Most intratesticular lesions are

A

Malignant

Most extratest. are benign

139
Q

Chronic renal failure leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism results in

A

Chronic hypocalcemia due to unable to synthesize vitamin D

140
Q

Leydig cell tumor

A

Benign in children

Produces testosterone causing precocious puberty

141
Q

Chronic mesenteric ischemia

A

Postprandial abdomen pain
Weight loss
Fear of food

142
Q

Dissecting aneurysms typically originate at the

A

Aortic arch in the thorax

143
Q

USA of Graves’ disease

A

Diffuse thyroid enlargement with extensive hypervascularity

144
Q

Echogenic central linear structure of adrenal gland

A

Adrenal medulla

145
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Elev serum calcium due to parathyroid adenoma

146
Q

Have a tendency to invade the IVC

A

Renal and adrenal cancers

147
Q

“In anatomical position, what structures would be directly under transducer?”

A 
Corpus spongiosum (urethra won't be a choice)
Scanned with penis up on abdomen
148
Q

Bell clapper deformity

A

Testicle not attached to tunica vaginalis and rotates freely.
Leads to torsion

149
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis wall greater than

A

4 mm

And diameter greater than 1.5 cm

150
Q

MEN associated with

A

Pheochromocytomas, medullary thyroid CA, and parathyroid hyperplasia

151
Q

Remnant of Mullerian duct

A

Appendix testis

152
Q

Seminal vesicles located

A

Sup to prostate
Inf to bladder
Ant to rectum

153
Q

Most common site for prostate CA

A

Peripheral zone

154
Q

Mantle sign

A

aka Sandwich sign

Perivessel lymphadenopathy

155
Q

Acute appendicitis

A

Diameter greater than 6mm
Appendicolith
RLQ pain
Noncompressible

Abdomen Boards (1 decks)

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